Chapter 22 (Respiratory System)

Organ system that takes in air and expels it from the body

Respiratory system

The term that refers to the ventilation of the lungs (breathing) is

Respiration

The respiratory system function where O2 and CO2 are exchanged between blood and air is

Gas exchange

The respiratory system function that involves speech and other vocalizations is

Communication

The respiratory system function that provides the sense of smell is

Olfaction

The respiratory system influences the pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2, which is known as

Acid-base balance

The respiratory system assists with the synthesis of angiotensin II, a hormone that regulates

Blood pressure

Breathing creates pressure gradients between the thorax and abdomen that promote the flow of

Lymph and blood

More than half of platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the lungs (not in bone marrow), which is the function of

Platelet production

The lungs filter small clots, providing the function of

Blood filtration

Breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, and childbirth, which falls under the function of

Expulsion of abdominal contents

Respiratory System (ALL Functions)

Gas exchange, Communication, Olfaction, Acid-base balance, Blood pressure regulation, Blood and lymph flow, Platelet Production, Blood filtration, and Expulsion of abdominal contents

Principal organs of the respiratory system

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs

The passages from the nostrils through the major bronchioles that serve only for airflow (no gas exchange) make up the

Conducting zone

Where does gas exchange not occur?

Conducting zone

The alveoli and nearby structures that participate in gas exchange make up the

Respiratory zone

Where does gas exchange occur?

Respiratory zone

The airway from the nose through the larynx is called the

Upper Respiratory Tract

The regions from the trachea through the lungs are called the

Lower Respiratory Tract

The muscular funnel extending about 13 cm from the posterior nasal apertures to the larynx, divided into three regions, is the?

Pharynx

The region of the pharynx posterior to the nasal apertures and above the soft palate is the

Nasopharynx

The nasopharynx receives auditory tubes and contains the

Pharyngeal tonsil

The nasopharynx has a 90° downward turn that traps large particles greater than ______.

10 um

The space between the soft palate and the epiglottis that contains the palatine tonsils is the

Oropharynx

The region posterior to the larynx, from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage, where the esophagus begins, is the

Laryngopharynx

The nasopharynx passes only air and is lined by

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass air, food, and drink and are lined by

Stratified squamous epithelium

The muscles of the pharynx assist in

Swallowing and speech

The cartilaginous chamber about 4 cm long whose primary function is to keep food and drink out of the airway is the

Larynx

Larynx (Primary Function)

Keep food and drink out of airway

Larynx (Secondary Function)

Production of Sound

Commonly called the “voice box”

Larynx

The flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx and stands almost vertically at rest is the

Epiglottis

During swallowing, extrinsic muscles pull the larynx upward, and the tongue pushes down to meet it to close the airway and direct food to the?

Esophagus

The structures of the larynx that play a greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway are the

Vestibular folds

The framework of the larynx is made up of a total of

9 cartilages

The most superior, spoon-shaped supportive plate in the epiglottis is the

Epiglottic cartilage

The shield-shaped and largest laryngeal cartilage that contains the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple) is the

Thyroid cartilage

The growth of the thyroid cartilage is stimulated by, and is therefore larger in males due to

Testosterone

The ring-like shape that connects the larynx to the trachea is the?

Cricoid cartilage

The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, commonly called the "windpipe," is the

Trachea

The structure of the trachea is a rigid tube that is 12 cm (4.5 in.) long and has a diameter of

2.5 cm

Anatomically, the trachea is located just anterior to the

Esophagus

The trachea is supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings made of

Hyaline cartilage

The trachea is supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings made of

Collapse during inhalation

The opening in the tracheal cartilage rings faces posteriorly toward the esophagus to allow the esophagus to

Expand as swallowed food passes by

The muscle that spans the opening in the cartilage rings and contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow is the

Trachealis muscle

The lowermost tracheal cartilage has an internal median ridge known as the

Carina

The trachea is lined by a specific tissue type called

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The tracheal epithelium contains what types of 3 cells?

Mucus-secreting cells, Ciliated cells, and Stem cells

The mechanism for debris removal in the trachea is called the

Mucociliary escalator

In the mucociliary escalator, mucus traps inhaled particles, and upward beating cilia move the mucus to the?

Pharynx to be swallowed

The connective tissue beneath the tracheal epithelium contains the tracheal cartilages, lymphoid nodules, and _____ and ______ ______.

Mucous and serous glands

The outermost layer of the trachea, made of fibrous connective tissue that blends into the adventitia of nearby organs, is the?

Adventitia

Making a temporary opening in the trachea and inserting a tube to allow airflow, which prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction, is called a ____________.

Tracheotomy

A potential problem with a tracheotomy is that inhaled air bypasses the nasal cavity and is

Not humidified

If a tracheotomy tube is left for long, the lack of humidification will dry out the

Mucous membranes

Dried out mucous membranes from a tracheotomy can become encrusted and interfere with mucus clearance, thereby promoting?

Infection

When a patient is on a ventilator and air is introduced directly into the trachea, the procedure is called

Intubation

During intubation, because air is introduced directly into the trachea, the air must be

Filtered and humidified

Each lung is a conical organ with a broad concave portion resting on the diaphragm called the?

Base

The tip of the lung that projects just above the clavicle is known as the?

Apex

The surface of the lung that is pressed against the ribcage is the?

Coastal surface

The surface of the lung that faces medially toward the heart is the?

Mediastinal surface

The slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves is the?

Hilum

The structures near the hilum constitute the?

Root of lung

Due to the anatomy of the thoracic cavity, the left and right lungs are not _________.

Symmetrical

The right lung is shorter than the left because the liver rises higher on the?

Right

The right lung has three lobes?

Superior lobe, Middle lobe, and Inferior lobe

In the right lung, the horizontal fissure separates the superior and middle lobes, and the oblique fissure separates the?

Middle and Inferior lobes

The left lung is tall and narrow because the heart tilts toward the left and occupies more space on this side of the?

Mediastinum

The left lung has an indentation to accommodate the heart called the?

Cardiac impression

The left lung has two lobes (superior and inferior) separated by a single?

Oblique fissure

A branching system of air tubes in each lung is known as the?

Bronchial tree

The bronchial tree extends from the main bronchus to 65,000?

Terminal bronchioles

The main (primary) bronchi arise from the fork of the?

Trachea

The right main bronchus is wider and more vertical than the?

Left main bronchus

The right main bronchus is wider and more vertical than the?

5 cm long

Aspirated (inhaled) foreign objects lodge more often in the

Right main bronchus

The main bronchi divide into?

Lobar bronchi

A lobar bronchus serves each lobe of each?

Lung

The right main bronchus gives off three branches?

Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobar bronchi

The left main bronchus gives off two branches?

Superior and Inferior lobar bronchi

Lobar bronchi branch into?

Segmental bronchi

There are 10 segmental bronchi in the right lung, and in the left lung there are ___.

8

A functionally independent unit of the lung ventilated by a segmental bronchus is called a?

Bronchopulmonary segment

Main bronchi are supported by rings of hyaline cartilage, which transition in lobar and segmental bronchi to?

Crescent-shaped plates

All bronchi are lined with?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

As we progress distally in the bronchial tree, cells grow shorter and the epithelium becomes?

Thinner

The lamina propria of the bronchial tree has an abundance of mucous glands and lymphoid nodules known as?

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

All divisions of the bronchial tree have a large amount of elastic connective tissue, which contributes to?

Recoil during respiration

The mucosa of the bronchial tree has a well-developed layer of smooth muscle called the?

Muscularis mucosae

The muscularis mucosae contracts or relaxes to constrict or dilate the airway, which regulates?

Airflow

Continuations of the airway that lack supportive cartilage and are 1 mm or less in diameter are called?

Bronchioles

The portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole is a?

Pulmonary lobule

Bronchioles have a well-developed layer of smooth muscle and are lined with?

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Each bronchiole divides into 50 to 80 __________ __________.

Terminal bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles measure in diameter?

0.5 mm or less

Unlike upper parts of the tract, terminal bronchioles have no ____ _____ or _______.

Goblet cells or Mucous glands

Terminal bronchioles have cilia that move mucus via the?

Mucociliary escalator