Individual and Family Nutrition Test 4

What factors can affect fertility prior to pregnancy

Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight – both underweight and overweight are associated with infertility.

Malnutrition is also associated with infertility

WIC Program

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.

Nutrition Education and Nutritious Foods, Vulnerable Populations who qualify for help, Cost benefit, Incentives to encourage breastfeeding

Gestational Diabetes

Glucose Intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Assessed at 24 - 28 weeks’ gestation. Complications during labor and delivery and high birth weight. Diet and moderate exercise may manage gestational diabetes, but if blood glucose fails to normalize, insulin or other drugs may be required

Preeclampsia

high blood pressure that develops in the second half of pregnancy plus protein in the urine. Effects mother’s circulatory system, liver, kidneys, and brain. Can progress to eclampsia, causing possible seizures and coma

Placenta

Metabolically active organ, embedded in the uterine wall. Echanges oxygen, nutrients, and waste

Iron

Mineral needed in supplementation because the diet will most likely not meet needs

Breastfeeding is not recommended if the mother has

HIV; HIV and AIDS can be transmitted through breastmilk

Embryo

After implantation, the placenta develops and begins to provide nourishment to the developing blank. A blank 5 weeks after fertilization is about ½ inch long

Zygote

a newly fertilized ovum and is about the size of the period at the end of this sentence. Less than 1 week after fertilization, cells have rapidly divided to become a blastocyst ready for implantation.

Fetus

after 11 weeks of development is just over an inch long. Notice the umbilical cord and blood vessels connecting the blank with the placenta

Benefits of Breastfeeding for Infants

Provides the appropriate composition and balance of nutrients with high bioavailability, Provides hormones that promote physiological development, Protects against a variety of infections and illnesses, including diarrhea and ear infections, May protect against some chronic diseases later in life, including diabetes, obesity, and asthma, Protects against food allergies, Reduces the risks of SIDS, Supports healthy weight

Benefits of Breastfeeding for Mothers

Contracts the uterus, Delays the return of regular ovulation, this lengthening birth intervals (not a dependable method of contraception), Conserves iron stores (by prolonging amenorrhea), May protect against breast and ovarian cancer and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, increases energy expenditure, which may help to bring about weight loss

Normal BMI appropriate amount of weight to gain for a single birth

25 - 35 lb

Overweight BMI appropriate amount of weight to gain for a single birth

15 to 25 lb

How much alcohol during pregnancy is acceptable

None

Protein Needed Intake During Pregnancy

25 g/d higher than pre - pregnancy

Carbohydrate Needed Intake During Pregnancy

175 g a day minimum

Energy and Nutrient Needs During Pregnancy

Almost 500 extra kcalories per day for lactation, exercise is compatible with breastfeeding;

Prolactin

breastfeeding hormone responsible for milk production

Oxytocin

breastfeeding hormone that causes the ejection of milk resulting in the “let - down reflex”

At what age should complementary foods be introduced?

4-6 months

What nutrient is a child most likely to be deficient in and need in supplemental form?

Iron

What is failure to thrive?

Protein/ Calorie Deficiency

Why should honey and corn syrup not be fed to infants?

The risk of Botulism

How many minutes each day should a child engage in physical activity?

60 minutes

Why is calcium intake important in adolescence?

Very important bone development is happening during adolescence and trying to reach the peak bone mass

What are the carbohydrate recommendations for children over the age of 1?

RDA for adults is 130gm/day and the same is the RDA for children over age of 1

When are energy and nutrient needs the greatest than any other time of life (not including pregnancy and lactation)?

Adolescence

What is nursing bottle tooth decay and how does it develop?

Tooth decay that is experienced with prolonged exposure of carbohydrate rich fluids from a bottle

How long does an adolescent growth spurt last?

2.5 years

The single most important influence on a child’s food habits is their parents/caregiver.

Caregivers/parents - serve as role models

What is the anticipated growth velocity for infants during the first year?

In the first year, an infant’s birthweight may TRIPLE. Growth directly reflects nutrient intake and is the major factor used to assess the nutrition status of infants and children.

What foods pose as a choking risk for young children?

nuts, carrots, and other hard veggies, apple slices, popcorn, chips, Lollie pops, and grapes

Sarcopenia

loss or diminish in muscle mass and strength. Optimal nutrition with sufficient protein at each meal along with regular strength - building physical activity

Atrophic Gastritis

Characterized by an inflamed stomach, bacterial overgrowth, and a lack of hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. These factors can impair the digestion and absorption of nutrients

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing. The person may eat less food and drink less, resulting in weight loss, malnutrition, and dehydration. Texture of diet often requires modification such as soft or pureed foods.

How much water should the elderly drink per day and why is water intake important in this population?

The elderly should drink at least 6 glasses of water per day (48+ oz). This is important because the total body water decreases, and stress and weather can lead to rapid dehydration

What are some psychological changes that happen in the elderly population that influence their food intake?

Depression, Economic Changes, and Social Changes,

What are some physiological changes that happen in the elderly population that influence their food intake? 2

Difficult and painful chewing, which limits food selections and lessens dietary fibers and vitamins. Also affects sensory losses and other physical problems. Vision, mobility, hearing, taste, smell. Poor taste and smell may limit appetite, and result in social isolation and reduced appetite.

What are some risk factors or poor outcomes for malnutrition in older adult

Disease, Eating Poorly, Tooth Loss or Mouth Pain, Economic Hardship, Reduced Social Contact, Multiple Medications, Involuntary Weight Loss or Gain, Needs Assistance, and Elderly Person

What are two nutrients that are important to incorporate in a healthy eating pattern for an elderly person?

Protein, Carbs, Vitamin D, Calcium, and Vitamin B12

What combination of nutrients can reduce constipation?

Fiber

Drug / nutrient interaction basics

90% of older adults take at least one prescription. 35% take 5+ prescriptions daily. Medications can impact nutrient absorption OR nutrients may alter medication function. Patients should discuss all medications with doctor and pharmacist to ensure interactions are managed. Inactive “filler” ingredients in medications may need. to be monitored - Sodium, sugar, sorbitol, and lactose.

What is the change in energy needs over the decades as people age?

Energy needs decline at an estimated 5 percent per decade. Basal Metabolic Rate diminishes 1 - 2 percent per decade and metabolism and activity decrease over time

How many leading causes of death in the United States are related to diet?

4 of them have some relation with diet

What is atherosclerosis?

the accumulation of lipids and other materials in the arteries and is the main cause of cardiovascular disease

What is coronary heart disease?

when the arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle become blocked

What is an atherogenic diet?

High in saturated fats and trans fats and low in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains - elevates LDL cholesterol

What is a heart attack?

occurs when blood flow to the heart is cut off and that area of the heart muscle dies

Transient Ischemic Attack / Stroke

Restricted blood flow to the brain

What is the desirable blood level for total blood cholesterol?

less than 200 mg/dL

What is the desirable healthy blood pressure level?

<120/ <80

What are the risk factors for hypertension and are there any that are modifiable?

Aging, Genetics, Obesity, Salt Sensitivity, Alcohol

Type 1 Diabetes

5 - 10% of populations cases, associated conditions can be: Autoimmune diseases, viral infections, inherited factors. Major Defects are destruction of pancreatic beta cells, insulin deficiency. Insulin Secretion: Little to none. Requirement for insulin therapy - Always.

Type 2 Diabetes

90 - 95% of populations cases. Associated Conditions can be Obesity, aging, Inactivity, Inherited factors. Major Defects are Insulin resistance, and insulin deficiency. Insulin Secretion can vary, may be normal, increased, or decreased. Sometimes it is required for Insulin Therapy

What are the fasting blood glucose lab ranges for normal, pre-diabetes, and diabetes?

99 mg/ dL and 100 - 125 mg/ dL

What are the carbohydrate recommendations for people with diabetes?

Diet should deliver small amounts of this each day, evenly spaced. Helps maintain appropriate blood glucose levels and maximize the effectiveness of drug therapy. High fiber and minimally processed foods.

What is the healthy eating plate?

Focuses on the links between diet and health. Fruits/ Whole Grains, Vegetables, Healthy Proteins

How do the energy requirements change for each trimester of pregnancy?

1st Trimester → same as pre pregnancy

2nd Trimester → 340 kcal more

3rd Trimester → 450 kcal more

Underweight BMI index percentile

<10th percentile

Healthy weight BMI index percentile

10th to 85th percentile

Overweight BMI index percentile

> to or equal to 85th percentile

Obese BMI index percentile

> or equal to 95th percentile

Recommendations to Prevent Obesity in Children

eat at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Limit recreational screen time to 2 hours a day or less. Spend 1 hour or more each day engaging in moderate or vigorous aerobic physical activity. Drink 0 sweetened beverages

Drug/ nutrient interaction basics 2

Can decrease / increase drug function; can alter nutrient absorption

How does cancer develop?

Carcinogenesis - genetic mutations within a single cell cause it to lose control of normal cell division. Mutations in genes that control cell division. Interfere with growth restraint or prevent cellular. death

Recommendations to prevent cancer

Body weight - be a healthy weight. Keep your weight healthy. Processed Foods - Limit consumption of fast foods and other processed foods high in fat, starches, or sugars. Sugar sweetened beverages - Limit consumption of these. Physical activity - be physically active, walk more and sit less.

What is the critical period critical period during pregnancy? What is the consequence of malnutrition or exposures to toxins during the critical periods of pregnancy?

Times of intense development and rapid cell
division
Cellular activities can occur only during
these times

Damage during these periods has permanent
consequences for fetus’ life and health
Critical period for neural tube development
Between 17 and 30 days of gestation

Which organ exchanges oxygen, nutrients and waste products wi th the uterine wall?

Placenta

Which B-vitamin is known for helping to reduce the risk of neural
tube defects?

Folate

With a healthy BMI before pregnancy, a woman should gain
_______ if she is pregnant with one baby.

25 - 35 lbs

A pregnant woman needs ___ more protein per day and at least
___ carbohydrate

25g ; 175g

D - Disease

Do you have an illness or condition that changes the types or amounts of foods you eat?

E - Eating Poorly

Do you eat fewer than two meals a day? Do you eat fruits, vegetables, and milk products daily?

T - Tooth Loss or Mouth pain

Is it difficult or painful to eat?

E - Economic Hardship

Do you have enough money to buy the food you need?

R - Reduced Social Contract

Do you eat alone most of the time?

M - Multiple Medications

Do you take three or more different prescribed or over - the counter medications daily?

I - Involuntary weight loss or gain

Have you lost or gained 10 pounds or more in the last 6 months

N - Needs Assistance

Are you physically able to shop, cook, and feed yourself?

E - Elderly Person

Are you older than 80?

Plaque

an accumulation of fatty deposits and calcium that develops in the artery walls

Infectious Disease

Infectious disease raises nutrient need and decreases food intake
− Disease and malnutrition create a downward spiral that must be
broken for recovery to occur

Eating a diet that is low in saturated fats and trans fats

What are the dietary recommendations to delay/prevent the development of atherosclerosis