Networks and Communications | Module 01, 02, 03

Communication

The process of sending, receiving, and understanding information.

Communication

The exchange of information between sender and receiver.

Connected World

People and devices are linked through networks that allow instant information sharing.

Impacts of Connectivity

Faster communication

Global collaboration

Online education

E-commerce and digital banking

Remote work

Data, Voice, Video

Types of Communication.

Data Communication

Type of Communication.

Emails, File transfer, Web browsing

Voice Communication

Type of Communication.

Phone calls, VoIP (Voice over IP), ISP

Video Communication

Type of Communication.

Video conferencing, Streaming services

Sender

The source of the message.

Medium

The path used to transmit data (cable, wireless, fiber).

Protocols

Rules that govern communication.

Receiver

The destination of the message.

Network

Two or more devices connected to exchange information.

Network

A collection of interconnected devices that communicate with each other using agreed upon rules.

Network

A group of connected devices that can communicate with each other.

Internet

A global network of networks.

End Devices

Network devices that act as the source or destination of data.

End Device

A device that sends or receives data.

Intermediary or Network Devices

Devices that connects end devices and control the flow of data in a network.

Intermediary Device

A device that connects end devices.

Network Media

Provides the channel over which data travels.

Network Media

The medium used to transmit data.

Personal Area Network

What is PAN?

Personal Area Network

A computer network that is used to connect devices that are typically used by a single person.

Personal Area Network

Designed to provide a convenient and flexible way to share data, devices, and applications between devices that are part of a personal network

Local Area Network

What is LAN?

Local Area Network

A collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.

Local Area Network

It can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an office or school.

Local Area Network

Uses high-speed connectivity technologies, such as Ethernet (Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, etc.), Wi-Fi (802.11), or Fiber Optic.

Campus Area Network

A group of interconnected Local Area Networks (LAN) within a limited geographical area like school campus, university campus, military bases, or organizational campuses, and corporate buildings, etc.

Metropolitan Area Network

What is MAN?

Metropolitan Area Network

Usually owned and operated by a single organization or a group of organizations, and is designed to provide high-speed, high capacity connectivity between multiple locations within a metropolitan area.

Includes cities, towns, or even university campuses.

Wide Area Network

What is WAN?

Wide Area Network

A computer network that spans a large geographic area, typically covering a city, state, or even an entire country.

Wide Area Network

It connects multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) together and allows them to communicate with each other.

Wide Area Network

It is designed to provide communication between multiple sites or locations over a long distance, often using public or private networks such as the internet, dedicated lines, or wireless connections.

Wide Area Network

Typically used by organizations with multiple offices or locations, allowing them to share resources, exchange data, and provide remote access to employees and partners.

Wired, Wireless

Types of Network Connections

Ethernet Cable, Fiber Optic Cable, Coaxial Cable

Three (3) Types of Cable

Topology

The layout or structure of a network and how devices are arranged and connected to each other.

Topology

It is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a network.

Star Topology

Every device in the network is individually connected to a central node, known as the hub.

Hub

Every device in the network of a star topology is individually connected to a central node, known as the ___.

Bus Topology

A type of network topology in which all devices in the network are connected by one central network cable also referred as backbone.

Backbone

All devices in the network of a bus topology are connected by one central network cable, referred to as the ___.

Ring Topology

Nodes are connected in a closed loop, forming a ring shape.

Ring Topology

Data travels in one direction around the ring, and each node acts as a repeater, boosting the signal and forwarding it to the next node until it reaches its destination.

Ring Topology

It is commonly used in local area networks (LANs) and can be implemented using a variety of network technologies, including Ethernet and Token Ring.

Mesh Topology

Each node is connected directly to every other node in the network.

Mesh Topology

Multiple paths for data transmission, and if one fails, there is always an alternative path to transmit data.

Hybrid Topology

A network topology that combines two or more different network topologies into a single network.

Source, Destination, Channel

Three (3) Essential Elements of Any Communication

Channel

The media (copper, fiber, or wireless) that provides the pathway.

Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex

Three (3) Types of Transmission Modes

Simplex

Type of Transmission Mode.

Direction of Data Flow: One-way only

Explanation: Receiver cannot reply

Example: TV Broadcast

Half Duplex

Type of Transmission Mode.

Direction of Data Flow: Two-way, but one at a time

Explanation: Must take turns speaking

Example: Walkie-talkie

Full Duplex

Type of Transmission Mode.

Direction of Data Flow: Two way simultaneously

Explanation: Both talk at the same time

Example: Phone call

Message Segmentation

Data is rarely sent in one giant chunk.

Instead, it is broken into smaller pieces called segments.

Multiplexing

This allows multiple users to share the same network link simultaneously by interweaving these segments.

Reliability

If one segment is lost, only that piece needs to be resent, rather than the entire file.

Protocol

A set of rules that determines how data is sent and received over a network.

Protocol

Rules and procedures of sending and receiving.

Protocol

Ensures that data moves smoothly and securely between devices on a network.

Network, Transport, Application, Wireless, Routing

Five (5) Types of Protocol

Network Layer Protocol

Operates in the network layer which is also known as the Layer 3 of the network architecture.

Network Layer Protocol

Responsible for packet routing, forwarding, and addressing of data packets throughout the network.

IP Address

A unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network.

IP Address

These are the identifier that allows information to be sent between devices on a network.

IP Address

They contain location information and make devices accessible for communication.

Internet Control Message Protocol

Used for reporting errors and management queries.

Internet Control Message Protocol

A supporting protocol and used by network devices like routers for sending error messages and operations information.

Transport Layer Protocol

Work in the transport layer which provides end-to-end service.

Transport Layer Protocol

Ensures data transfer across apps on different devices.

TCP

Provides reliable delivery services.

Ensures reliable and efficient data transmission over the internet.

TCP

Plays a crucial role in managing the flow of data between computers, guaranteeing that information is delivered accurately and in the correct sequence.

TCP

Establishes a connection between devices before data is sent. This connection is maintained throughout the duration of the communication session.

TCP

Ensures that data is delivered correctly and reliably. It checks for errors, retransmits lost packets, and handles congestion control.

TCP

Uses a sliding window mechanism to manage the amount of data that can be sent at one time. This helps prevent congestion on the network.

TCP

If a packet is lost or corrupted, this protocol retransmits it to ensure that the receiving device receives all the data correctly or Retransmitting.

TCP

It controls the amount of data that can be sent by a device at one time, preventing network congestion.

TCP

It does not provide built-in security features, but it can be used in conjunction with other protocols, such as SSL/TLS, to add encryption and authentication.

Transmission Control Protocol

What is TCP?

SSL or TLS

A security protocol used to encrypt communication between devices over a network (especially the internet).

SSL or TLS

It protects data so that attackers cannot read, steal, or modify it while in transit.

Secure Sockets Layer

What is SSL?

Transport Layer Security

What is TLS?

SYN Packet

Types of Packets used in TCP.

Used to establish a connection.

ACK Packet

Types of Packets used in TCP.

Used to confirm receipt of data.

FIN Packet

Types of Packets used in TCP.

Used to terminate a connection.

UDP

A transport-layer protocol used to send data packets over the internet. It is a connectionless protocol, which means that there is no guarantee of delivery or sequence of packets.

UDP

It does not establish a dedicated connection between the sender and receiver before transmitting data.

This makes it faster and more efficient for applications that require quick transmission.

UDP

It does not guarantee delivery of packets.

If packets are lost or corrupted during transmission, they will not be retransmitted.

UDP

It does not guarantee the order of packet arrival at the receiving end.

Packets may arrive out of order or be lost.

UDP

It does not perform error correction on packets.

If packets are corrupted during transmission, they will be discarded.

UDP

It is often used in real-time applications such as video conferencing, online gaming, and streaming media, where low latency and high throughput are essential.

UDP

It is used in Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications, where it provides a reliable and efficient way to transmit voice packets.

UDP

It is used in streaming media applications such as YouTube, Netflix, and Hulu, where it provides a fast and efficient way to transmit video and audio packets.

UDP

It is used in online gaming applications, where it provides a low-latency and high-throughput way to transmit game data.

Application Layer Protocol

Responsible for providing services to applications that use the network.

Application Layer Protocol

Designed to enable communication between applications running on different devices and networks.