General Biology 2 Final Examination Flashcards

Flashcards containing vocabulary terms and definitions from the provided General Biology 2 lecture notes, covering topics such as environmental impacts on health, genetics, DNA technology, and genetic engineering.

Environmental Toxins

Chemically poisonous substances with negative effects on the environment.

Heavy Metals

Naturally occurring substances that accumulate and cause damage to the environment and living beings.

Pollution

Introduction of harmful substances (pollutants) in the environment.

Air Pollution

Contamination of indoor/outdoor air that degrades air quality.

Water Pollution

Contamination of a body of water by harmful substances that degrades water quality.

Biomagnification

A compound increases concentration in the tissue of organisms as it travels up the food chain.

Phytoplankton

Photosynthetic organisms that can respond to the varying physiology of aquatic ecosystems.

Infectious Diseases

Diseases that are spread/transmitted directly or indirectly and caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

Pathogenic Organisms

Microscopic biological organisms capable of causing diseases.

Pertussis

Also known as “whooping cough”, marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like a “whoop”.

Pneumonia

Infection in one or both of the lungs that cause the air sacs of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Chronic pulmonary and systemic disease.

Measles

Caused by single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus (Measles virus).

Dengue

Flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquito.

COVID-19

A novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

Candidiasis

Emerging pathogen associated with multiple nosocomial infections.

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Caused a rapidly progressive, bilateral pneumonia, also called opportunistic infections.

Cryptococcosis

Encapsulated yeasts that cause meningoencephalitis.

Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis

Infections from intestinal worms that are transmitted through contaminated soil.

Paragonimiasis

An infection caused by a lung fluke that infects the lungs.

Lymphatic Filariasis

Commonly known as elephantiasis where the parasite is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes.

Traits

Characteristics that are inherited from parents.

Gene

A segment of DNA that transmits a trait.

Gene Locus

Location of a gene.

Genome

Total/ collection of all the genes of an organism.

Chromosomes

46 chromosomes in humans (23 pairs from each parent).

Allele

Alternate/different form of a gene.

Homozygous Allele

Alleles are the same.

Heterozygous Allele

Alleles are different/hybrid.

Phenotype

Observable physical and functional traits.

Genotype

An individual’s complete set of alleles.

Law of Dominance

Dominant traits are always expressed.

Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during meiosis.

Independent Assortment

Alleles are distributed randomly to individual gametes during meiosis.

Punnett Squares

A diagram used to predict the possible gene combinations of potential offspring.

Codominance

Both alleles are expressed equally and simultaneously.

Incomplete Dominance

Both alleles are expressed partially.

Polygenic Inheritance

Inheritance of phenotypic traits that depend on many genes.

Sex-Linked Inheritance

Traits that are linked to the sex chromosome.

Autosomal Dominant

A person needs only one copy of the defective gene to develop the disorder.

Autosomal Recessive

A person must inherit 2 recessive alleles (one from each parent) to acquire the disease

Duplication

A part of a chromosome is duplicated, or present in 2 copies which results in having extra genetic material.

Nondisjunction

Failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis and meiosis.

Deletion

Usually caused by breaks in a chromosome and a consequent loss of one or more genes.

Inversion

Involves two breaks in a chromosome, followed by the broken ends reattaching in reverse order.

Translocation

Transfer of genetic material between two non-homologous chromosomes.

Karyotype

An individual’s collection of chromosomes.

Pedigree Analysis

Tool used for studying human inherited diseases.

Biotechnology

The technical application of biological knowledge for human purposes.

Genetic Engineering

A branch of biotechnology where manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or whole organisms takes place.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Applied science that explores applications of cutting, splicing, and creating DNA.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Rapidly amplifying/creating millions of copies of DNA fragments very quickly.

DNA Fingerprinting

A process of determining the nucleotide sequence of the fragments of DNA.

Gel Electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA strands by size.

DNA Sequencing

A process to determine the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.

Transgenic Organisms

They have been genetically engineered so that they can carry one or more foreign genes from a different species

Gene Therapy

Introduction of human genes into human cells to treat or correct diseases.

Vaccines

Protect individuals from diseases.

mRNA

Messenger RNA that contains a copy of instructions from the DNA to create proteins