Propagation final trimester 2

Geophytes

types of plants that survive part of their yearly life cycle as a dormant, fleshy, underground stem

Storage

function of bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots/stems, rhizomes, and pseudobulbs during adverse conditions

Asexual reproduction

these organs are equally important in this type of reproduction

Seeds

geophytes produce these, but propagation is slower than asexual methods

Separation

propagation using naturally detachable structures such as bulbs and corms

Division

cutting or dividing a plant into sections with stems and roots

Bulb

specialized underground storage structure with basal plate, roots, and fleshy scales

Bulb scale

fleshy leaf base of a bulb containing stored food

Bulblet (offset)

mini bulb forming in the axil of a bulb scale

Tunicate bulbs

bulbs with an outer covering (tunic); tight layers

Nontunicate bulbs (scaly)

bulbs with loose scales and no tunic

Growth pattern

bulb growth cycle of vegetative and reproductive stages

Vegetative growth pattern

stage where bulb grows to flowering size and maximum weight

Reproductive growth pattern

flowering stage of bulb development

Spring flowering bulbs

tulips, daffodil, hyacinth

Summer flowering bulbs

lilies

Mother bulb

cluster of fleshy scales attached to the basal plate

Tender winter flowering bulbs

amaryllis, paperwhites

Separating offsets

removing daughter bulbs attached to the mother bulb

Scaling

removing individual bulb scales to form adventitious bulblets

Bulb cuttings

cutting a bulb into fragments with scales attached at basal plate (tunicate bulbs)

Scoring and scooping

wounding the basal plate to promote adventitious bulblets

Corm

swollen solid stem base with nodes and internodes, enclosed in a dry tunic

Cormels

mini corms developing between old and new corms

Division of the corm

cutting large corms into sections with a bud

Tuber

swollen modified stem with nodes and internodes for storage and propagation

Eyes

structures present at tuber nodes

Seed potatoes

tuber pieces used for propagation

Suberized

plant cell wall converted to corky tissue by suberin deposition

Tuberous roots

massive enlargement of secondary roots (e.g., dahlia)

Tuberous stems

swollen stem produced by hypocotyl enlargement

Tuber division

cutting crown sections so each has a shoot bud, eye, and root portion

Rhizome

specialized stem growing horizontally near soil surface

Rhizome growth pattern

growth by elongation of terminal and lateral growing points

Pseudobulb

enlarged above

Scaly

another name for a tunicate bulb

Layering

propagation where roots form on a stem still attached to parent

Simple layering

branch bent to soil once and covered

Compound (serpentine) layering

multiple points of stem covered

Air layering

aerial stem girdled and enclosed with rooting media

Mound (stool) layering

shoots cut back and mounded with media

Trench layering

plant bent into trench; emerging shoots covered

Tip layering

shoot tip bends to soil and roots

Stolon

modified stem growing horizontally at or just below soil surface

Runner

horizontal above

Offsets

specialized leafy shoots forming from bases of many monocots

Suckers (watersprouts)

adventitious shoots emerging from root, trunk, or branch

Crown division

dividing crown into parts with stems and roots

Crown

root–stem juncture where new shoots arise

Runners

specialized stems on strawberries and spider plants

Best season for layering

spring

Offsets/bulblets

daughter bulbs still attached to main stem

Pseudobulbs

enlarged stems produced by orchids

Tuber vs tuberous roots

tubers have eyes

Division

propagation by cutting plant into sections with stems and roots

Old corm after flowering

shrivels and dies

Tuberous stem

swollen stem from hypocotyl enlargement

Corm interior

solid (true)

Media for air layering

sphagnum moss

Stolon vs runner

runner is above

Bulb classification

structure, hardiness, flowering time

Corm rings

nodes

Difference in layering

propagule removed only after roots form

Function of tunic

protection and reduced water loss

Examples of natural layering

runners/stolons, tip layering, rhizomes

Advantages of layering

simple, high success, larger plant

Propagate pear tree

mound layering and air layering

Propagation using girdling

air layering

Outdoor layering start

spring

Major difference in layering

rooting occurs while attached

Complete bark removal in air layering

girdling

Disadvantage of layering

labor intensive

Use of rooting hormones

layering

Example tunicate bulb

tulip

Example nontunicate bulb

lily

Example corm

crocus

Example tuber

water chestnut

Example tuberous root

dahlia

Example rhizome

bamboo

Scaling used for

nontunicate bulbs

Seed potato

tuber piece with eyes/nodes

Modified stems allowing layering

stolons, rhizomes, offsets, suckers

Division involves cutting

the crown

Layering for multiple plants

scaling, air layering, compound layering

Suckers vs watersprouts

suckers from roots; watersprouts from trunk

Separation vs division

natural detachment vs cutting

Other purpose of underground organs

storage

Tubers vs tuberous roots

tubers have eyes (true)

Corm

specialized stem

Dormancy for winter

flowering bulbs

Division of tuberous roots

must include a shoot bud

Rhizome

underground stem

Caladium

tuber

Example rhizome

iris

Reason for natural dieback in bulbs

reabsorb nutrients before dormancy

Grafting

connecting plant parts to grow as one

Budding

grafting with a small scion piece

Stock/rootstock

root system portion