Mid term science test

Scientific Method

any process followed systematically to arrive at knowledge of the universe, especially in premodern times.

Natural Phenomena

any event, occurrence, or process that happens in the natural world without human intervention

Observation

an act or instance of viewing or noting a fact or occurrence for some scientific or other special purpose or an act or instance of noticing or perceiving

Inference

something that is inferred

Qualitative data

descriptive information that characterizes a subject through qualities and attributes rather than numerical values

Quantitative Data

information expressed in numerical values that can be counted, measured, and analyzed using statistical methods to understand patterns, trends, and relationships

Engineering Design Process

systematic and iterative cycle of steps that engineers use to solve problems by creating new products, processes, or systems

Constraints

limitation or restriction

Variable

capable of being varied or changed; alterable

Independent Variable

1. Statistics.,  (in an experiment) a variable that is intentionally changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent

Statistics.,  (in an experiment) the event studied and expected to change when the independent variable is changed

Controlled Variable

any factor or condition in an experiment that is intentionally kept constant to ensure that the results are due to the independent variable and not other external factors

Hypothesis

a proposition, or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena, either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide investigation working hypothesis or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts

experiment

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

Inquiry question

a focused, open-ended question that serves as the central point for investigation and exploration, driving a deeper understanding of a topic by requiring the use of evidence and reasoning to formulate a supported claim or argument

Attraction

the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something.

Cohesion

the action or fact of forming a united whole

Surface Tension

the force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible area, acting like a stretched elastic membrane, due to the cohesive forces between the liquid's molecules

Interval

an intervening time or space

Scale

an instrument or machine for weighing

x-axis

the principal or horizontal axis of a system of coordinates, points along which have a value of zero for all other coordinates.

y-axis

the vertical line on a Cartesian coordinate plane, which measures the dependent variable in a graph and runs from bottom to top

Collision

an instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another.

Energy

power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines

Law of Conservation of Energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another

Kinetic energy

the energy of motion, meaning it is the energy an object possesses due to its movement

Potential energy

the stored energy in an object or system due to its position, state, or configuration

Energy transfer

the movement of energy from one location or object to another, or the conversion of energy from one form to another

Energy transformation

the process of changing energy from one form into another

Sound energy

a form of mechanical energy that is produced by vibrating matter and travels through a medium as longitudinal waves.

Thermal (heat) energy

Contact force

a push or pull that occurs when two objects are in direct physical contact with each other

Non contact force

a force that acts on an object without physical contact, influencing it through a field that extends through space

Deformation

the change in an object's shape or size caused by applied forces or stress

Gravity

the force of attraction between all objects with mass or energy

Newton (N)

the SI unit of force. It is equal to the force that would give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per second per second, and is equivalent to 100,000 dynes

Balanced forces

two or more equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions, resulting in a net force of zero and no change in the object's motion

Unbalanced forces

unequal forces acting on an object that do not cancel each other out, resulting in a net force that is not zero and causes a change in the object's motion

Net force

the overall force acting on an object, determined by the vector sum of all individual forces

Friction

a force that opposes the relative motion or attempted motion between surfaces in contact

What is the original source of nearly all energy on Earth?

The Sun

What form of energy does a spinning wind turbine have?

1. Kinetic energy 

Give an example of each form of potential energy below:

• Gravitational potential: Rock about to fall off a cliff

• Elastic potential: Ball in a slingshot 

. Give an example of each form of kinetic energy below:

• Thermal: Heat waves from a bonfire

• Sound: Waves of sound in the air from hitting a drum

Study the diagram of the roller coaster below. Circle which point has the Highest kinetic energy and the Lowest potential energy.

• 100% kinetic energy at the bottom of the track

• 0% potential energy at the bottom of the track

. When the marble hits the cube or marble at the end of the ramp, what kind of energy is transferred to the cube?

Kinetic energy - the energy of motion 

6. Label the diagram marble at Point A below with either PE and KE.

The top marble has 100% potential energy.

What happens to an object’s motion when balanced forces act on it?

It does not move.

If you see an object move, what has happened to it?

Unbalanced forces are acting on it.

 What two factors increase friction?

Surface texture and Force between objects

 DRAW and LABEL vectors (arrows) on the diagram above. Explain what happens to the movement of the wooden block when the spring scale is pulled.

The wooden block is on sandpaper. The sandpaper provides resistance against motion so it will slow the movement and increase the force required to pull the block with the spring scale. 

 Calculate the net force on the box below.

Net Force: 0 N      Will the box move? NO_    

Net Force: __300 _N  Which team won and what direction was the movement?

 Green team to the right

Energy Wave

disturbances that transfer energy through space or a medium (like water, air, or fields) without permanently moving the matter itself

• Sound

vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person's or animal's ear.

Vibrations

rhythmic, oscillatory movements around an equilibrium point

Speaker

a transducer that converts electrical energy into audible sound energy by vibrating a diaphragm, typically using magnetic forces (voice coil moving in a magnetic field) or electrostatic forces, to create pressure waves in the air that we perceive as sound

Electromagnetic Force

a fundamental interaction between electrically charged particles, combining electric and magnetic forces, responsible for everything from atoms to electronics

Crest

the highest point of a surface wave

Trough

the lowest point or valley in a wave (like water or sound), opposite a crest, representing minimum displacement

Wavelength 

the distance between two consecutive, identical points on a wave

Amplitude

the maximum displacement or intensity of a wave (like sound, light, or water) from its central, resting (equilibrium) position

Frequency

the number of times a repeating event occurs per unit of time,

Rest line

the equilibrium position or rest position in waves, the undisturbed baseline where a medium settles (like calm water), around which waves oscillate, showing zero displacement

Pitch

the perceived highness or lowness of a sound, directly determined by the frequency of its sound waves

Echolocation

a biological process used by animals like bats and dolphins to locate objects by emitting sounds and interpreting the echoes that bounce back

Volume

the amount of three-dimensional space an object or substance occupies

Compression Wave

a type of longitudinal wave where the particles in the medium move back and forth in the same direction as the wave's travel

Wave speed

the rate at which a wave travels through a medium, defined as the distance a wave crest travels divided by the time it takes

Medium

the substance or material (solid, liquid, gas, or even vacuum) through which energy, waves (like sound or light), or forces travel, acting as a carrier to transfer energy from one point to another

• Thunder
  

the powerful sound produced by the rapid expansion and contraction of super heated air from a lightning flash, creating an acoustic shock wave that we hear as cracks and rumbles as the air vibrates and echoes

Waves transfer (what) through a medium or empty space.

energy

A section of a sound wave where the particles are crowded together is called a

compression

 A substance through which a wave can travel is a

medium.

How does a speaker work? Refer to the diagram below.

One of the speaker's magnets is a permanent magnet (meaning that it is always magnetized) and the other is an electromagnet meaning it needs electricity to run through it to work.

When an electrical signal is sent to the speaker, it creates a fluctuating magnetic field that pushes and pulls the coil, (push and pull force) causing it to move back and forth with the attached speaker cone. 

The cone vibrates and causes air molecules to collide with each other

transferring energy like a domino effect, until it reaches our ears.

. When you increase the frequency of a transverse wave,

Wavelength will decrease 

What can these waves travel through?

 Solids   Liquids   Gases

Explain how bats locate their insect prey with low and high frequency sound waves. Use the word Echolocation.

Using a process called echolocation, bats emit high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off objects in the environment, and then interpret the returning echoes to determine the location, size, and shape of its prey.

A (blank) ruler vibrates more slowly, so has a lower frequency. A shorter ruler vibrates more quickly so has a (blank) frequency.

longer, higher

Magnetism

the physical phenomenon of attraction or repulsion between objects, caused by the motion of electric charges, like electric currents or spinning electrons, creating magnetic fields that exert forces on other magnetic materials or moving charges

Non Contact Force

a push or pull that acts on an object without physically touching it

Magnet

a piece of iron (or an ore, alloy, or other material) that has its component atoms so ordered that the material exhibits properties of magnetism, such as attracting other iron-containing objects or aligning itself in an external magnetic field

Repel

drive or force (an attack or attacker) back or away

Attract

a force pulls two objects toward each other, causing them to approach or adhere

Iron filings

tiny fragments of iron, often a byproduct of metalworking, used to visualize invisible magnetic fields

Magnetic Field

an invisible force field surrounding magnets, electric currents, or changing electric fields, defined by the influence it exerts on moving electric charges, currents, and magnetic materials, acting as a vector field that maps force direction and strength in space

Magnetic Field lines

imaginary lines used to visually map a magnetic field, showing its direction (where a compass's North pole points) and strength (density of lines), forming continuous closed loops that exit the North pole and enter the South pole, never crossing each other

Compass

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer which shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it

Dipolar

having two extremes, most commonly referring to Bipolar Disorder, a mental health condition causing extreme mood swings between emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression)

Earth’s poles

the Geographic Poles (North & South), defined by the planet's rotation axis (Arctic Ocean & Antarctica), and the Magnetic Poles, where the magnetic field points vertically, constantly shifting and located near, but not exactly at, the geographic poles

Magnetosphere

the region surrounding the earth or another astronomical body in which its magnetic field is the predominant effective magnetic field

Electromagnet

temporary magnet created when an electric current flows through a wire, usually coiled around a ferromagnetic core like iron, producing a magnetic field that can be turned on and off

Electric current

the flow or movement of electric charge (like electrons or ions) through a conductor or space, measured as the rate of charge passing a point per unit time, typically in Amperes (A), with a higher ampere number indicating more flow, analogous to more water flowing in a river

1. What movement can be observed if two magnets:

pulling and pushing force

1. All magnets are _________blank_____________. They have a north and south magnetic pole.

dipolar

1. Without a compass, we need iron ________blank__________________ or a computer simulation to help us visualize magnetic fields.

filings

1. How do the directions of the forces in the field around a magnet change? 

____________blank_______________________________________

The direction of magnetic force changes from pushing (repel) with same poles to pulling (attract) with opposite poles, with invisible "field lines" showing the path. They always go out of the north pole and into the south pole, looping around to show the direction, like tiny arrows pointing away from north and towards south.

1. How would you describe the shape of the magnetic field around the magnet? _________

Continuous, closed loops that emerge from the north pole, curve outwards and around to the south pole.

1. How is the Earth like a magnet? 

An iron inner core and spinning outer core made of liquid iron and nickel creates an invisible magnetic field, like a huge bar magnet, with a north and south pole that guides compasses, protects us from the Sun's harmful rays and helps some migrating animals navigate where they are going.