Anatomy Test #2

Compact Bone

dense, white, smooth, solid; forms hard external walls of bone (80% total mass)

Spongy Bone

internal to compact, porous, lightweight, but strong (20% total mass)

Red Bone Marrow

hemopioetic-stem cells that form all blood cells. Found in adults in portions of the axial skeleton

Yellow Bone Marrow

stores lipids for energy. As children mature into adults red bone marrow degenerates and turns fatty

Long Bone

greater in length than width (Femur/Humerus)

Short Bone

nearly equal length and width (carpals/tarsals)

Sesamoid Bone

small bones along some tendons (patella)

Flat Bones

flat, thin surfaces, extensive surface for muscle attachment (Sternum/Scapula)

Diaphysis

shaft, elongated cylindrical

Medullary Cavity

hollow cylindrical space that contains yellow bone marrow in adults

Epiphysis

expanded knobby regions at tends that strengthen the joint and increase surface area for articulation

Metaphysis

region between epiphysis and diaphysis that transfers forces

Articular Cartilage

hyaline cartilage covers the surface of epiphysis

Endosteum

incomplete layer of cells on internal surface of medullary cavity contain bone cells and is active during bone growth and repair

Periosteum

tough sheath that covers outer surface except areas with articular cartilage, protects bone, anchors, blood vessels and nerves

Osteoprogenitor Cell

Stem cells that undergo mitosis

Osteoblasts

formed from osteoprogenitor stem cells, secretes the semisolid form of bone matrix (osteoid), bone deposition: building or forming new bone

Osteocytes

mature bone cells residing in lacunae, derived from trapped osteoblasts, if stressed-osteoblasts are signaled- results in deposition of new bone matrix

Osteoclasts

large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells, derived from fused bone marrow cells. Bone Resorption: osteoclasts secrete HCL to dissolve bone, releases calcium and phosphate into blood and may occur when blood calcium levels lower

Osteon

functional and structural unit of compact bone

Central Canal

contain blood vessels and nerves to supply bone

Centric Lamella

give bone strength and resilience

Osteocytes

maintain bone matrix

Lacunae

house osteocytes

Canaliculi

permit intercellular contact and communication to transport nutrients, gases and wastes

Bone Remodeling

constant, dynamic process of adding new bone and removing old bone

Bone Deposition

building or forming of a new bone

Bone Resorption

osteoclasts secrete HCL to dissolve bone, releases calcium and phosphate into blood and may occur when blood calcium levels lower

Simple

Broken bone does not break through the skin

Compound

one or both ends of broken bone protrude through the skin

Complete

bone is broken into 2 or more pieces

Incomplete

partial fracture that extends only partway across the bone

Nondisplaced

portions of the bone are out of correct anatomical alignment

Colles

fracture of distal radius

Comminuted

bone splinters into several small pieces

Compression

Bone is squashed

Depressed

broken portion of bone forms concavity

Epiphyseal

epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

Greenstick

partial fracture on one side of bone, the other side is bent

Pott

fracture at the distal tibia and fibula

Spiral

fracture spirals around axis of long bone

Condyle

large, smooth, rounded oval structure

Epicondyle

Projection adjacent to a condyle

Foramen

Rounded passageway (hole) through a bone

Fossa

flattened or shallow depression

Trochanter

2 massive, rough projections on the femur

Tubercle

small, rounded projections

Axial skeletal

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Appendicular

Bones of upper limbs, pectoral girdle, bones of the lower limbs, pelvic girdle

Coronal

frontal and parietal

Lambdoid

Parietal and occipital

Sagittal

R and L parietal bones

Squamous

Temporal and parietal

Fontanelles

“soft spots”, allow some flexibility of skull during birth

Posterior fontanelle

Closes around 9 months

Anterior fontanelle

Closes around 15 months

Cervical

C1-C7

Thoracic

T1-T12

Lumbar

L1-L5

Sacrum

S1-S5

Sacrum

S1-S5

Coccyx

Co1-Co2

Primary

Arch postterior (thoracic and sacral)

Secondary

Arch anterior (cervical and lumbar)

Kyphosis

“hunchback”, exaggerated thoracic curvature, usually from osteoporosis; vertebral compression

Lordosis

“swayback”, exaggerated lumbar curvature, protrusion of abdomen and buttocks, results from added abdominal weight

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature, most common spinal curvature deformity that may develop  during puberty

Female pelvic bone

\-accommodate infant’s head as passes through birth canal,

\-Ilium flares laterally

\-Pelvises are wider

Male pelvic bone

\-pelvises are heavier and thicker- stronger muscles

\-Ilium projects superiorly, narrow hips

Flexion

Movement that decreases a joint angle

Extension

Movement that increases a joint angle

Hyperextension

Further extension beyond the zero postion

Lateral Flexion

Trunk moves in coronal plane

Abduction

lateral movement of the body part away from the body’s midline

Adduction

movement of the body part back toward the body’s midline

Radial Deviation

Tilt hand toward thumb

Ulnar Deviation

tilt hand toward little finger

Pronation

medical rotation of the forearm, so palm faces posterior or inferior

Supination

lateral rotation of the forearm, so palm faces anterior or superior

External rotation

outward or lateral movement of humerus or femur

Internal rotation

inward or medial movement of humerus or femur

Circumduction

circular motion

Opposition

thumb movement toward palmar tips of fingers

Reposition

opposite movement- away from palm

Elevation

superior movement of a body part

Depression

inferior movement of a body part

Protraction

anterior movement o fa body part in the transverse plane

Retraction

posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Dorsiflexion

movement of the ankle that brings the toes toward the leg

Plantar flexion

movement of the ankle that points the toes inferiorly

Inversion

movement of ankle that brings sole of foot medially

Eversion

movement of the ankle that brings sole of foot laterally

Excitability

Responds to a stimulus

Conductivity

electrical changes travel along plasma membrane

Contractility

contractile proteins slide past one another- muscle shorten- pulls on bone

Elasticity

ability of muscle to return to original length after shortening or lengthening

Extensibility

lengthening of muscle

Fascicles

strength and provide range of motion

Myofibrils

shorten to contract muscles

Myofilament

provide contractile power of muscles with protein