Biology

Cholera pathogen

Vibrio cholerae bacterium

Cholera Transmission

Contaminated water or food

Cholera Symptoms

Diarrhoea, dehydration

Cholera Treatment

Rehydration

Cholera Prevention

Access to clean water

Stomach Ulcers Pathogen

Helicobacter Pylori bacterium

Stomach Ulcers Transmission

Oral transmission

Stomach Ulcers Symptoms

Indigestion, heartburn, nausea

Stomach Ulcers Treatment

Antibiotics, medications to reduce stomach acid

Stomach Ulcers Prevention

Avoiding contaminated food and water, good hygiene practices

Tuberculosis Pathogen

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacterium

Tuberculosis Transmission

Airborne

Tuberculosis Symptoms

Cough

Tuberculosis Treatment

Long-term antibiotics

Tuberculosis Prevention

Good ventilation, isolation of infected patients

Chlamydia Pathogen

Bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis

Chlamydia Transmission

Unprotected sexual contact

Chlamydia Symptoms

often asymptomatic, pain when urinating

Chlamydia Treatment

Antibiotics

Chlamydia Prevention

Use condoms

Malaria Pathogen

Plasmodium protist

Malaria Transmission

Bite from an infected mosquito vector

Malaria Symptoms

Haemorrhagic fever, damage to blood and liver

Malaria Treatment

Antimalarial drugs

Malaria Prevention

Destroy mosquito breeding sites, insect repellent, mosquito nets

Ebola Pathogen

Orthoebolavirus virus

Ebola Transmission

Direct contact with bodily fluids, contact with infected animals

Ebola Symptoms

Fever and headache, internal and external bleeding, muscle weakness

Ebola Treatment

No specific cure, supportive care (fluids, oxygen)

Ebola Prevention

Isolation of infected patients, vaccination

Chalara Ash Dieback Pathogen

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus fungus

Chalara Ash Dieback Transmission

Spores spread by wind (Airborne)

Chalara Ash Dieback Symptoms

Leaf loss, bark lesions

Chalara Ash Dieback Treatment

No cure

Chalara Ash Dieback Prevention

Destroy infected trees, restricted movement of ash trees

HIV Pathogen

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV Transmission

Bodily fluids, can be through unprotected sex

HIV Symptoms

Flu-like symptoms, followed by an asymptomatic period

HIV Treatment

No cure, antiretroviral drugs slow the development of AIDS

HIV Prevention

Condoms

How does HIV lead to AIDS

Months or years after the infection by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus becomes active and destroys white blood cells, leading to the onset of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Test for reducing sugars

Benedict’s test

Solution changes colour from blue to green, yellow, or brick-red, depending on the concentration of reducing sugars present

Test for starch

Iodine test

Solution turns from yellow-orange to blue-black in the presence of starch

Test for protein

Biuret test

Add potassium hydroxide to raise the pH, then copper II sulphate solution. Colour changes from blue to purple in the presence of protein

Test for lipids

Emulsion test

mix with ethanol, then pour solution into water, white emulsion forms in the presence of lipids