Chemistry full set

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115 Terms

1
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What is the rate of a chemical reaction?

How fast reactants are turned into products.

2
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How can you measure the rate of reaction?

By measuring the amount of product formed or reactant used over time.

3
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Name two factors that affect rate of reaction.

Temperature and concentration.

4
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How does temperature affect rate?

Increases kinetic energy, leading to more frequent successful collisions.

5
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How does concentration affect rate?

More particles in the same space = more frequent collisions.

6
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How does surface area affect rate?

More surface area = more particles exposed = faster rate.

7
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What does a catalyst do?

Speeds up a reaction without being used up.

8
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How do catalysts work?

By lowering the activation energy.

9
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What is collision theory?

Particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation to react.

10
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What is activation energy?

The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

11
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What does a steeper line on a rate graph show?

A faster reaction.

12
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What is the equation for mean rate of reaction?

Rate = quantity of reactant used or product formed ÷ time.

13
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How is equilibrium defined?

When the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate in a closed system.

14
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What happens to the concentration of reactants/products at equilibrium?

It stays constant (but not necessarily equal).

15
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What is Le Chatelier's Principle?

A system at equilibrium will adjust to counteract changes made to it.

16
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What effect does increasing pressure have on a gaseous equilibrium?

Shifts equilibrium to side with fewer gas molecules.

17
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What effect does increasing temperature have on equilibrium?

Shifts it in the endothermic direction.

18
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Give one example of a reversible reaction.

Ammonium chloride ⇌ ammonia + hydrogen chloride.

19
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What is a hydrocarbon?

A compound made of hydrogen and carbon only.

20
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What is crude oil?

A finite mixture of hydrocarbons formed from ancient biomass.

21
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What are alkanes?

Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds.

22
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What is the general formula for alkanes?

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

23
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Name the first four alkanes.

Methane, ethane, propane, butane.

24
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What is fractional distillation?

Separating a mixture (like crude oil) into fractions based on boiling points.

25
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What are the fractions of crude oil used for?

Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

26
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What is cracking?

Breaking large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones.

27
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Why do we crack hydrocarbons?

To meet demand for shorter chain alkanes and produce alkenes.

28
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What are alkenes?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one C=C double bond.

29
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What is the test for alkenes?

They decolourise orange bromine water.

30
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What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

Carbon dioxide and water.

31
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What are the products of incomplete combustion?

Carbon monoxide, carbon (soot), and water.

32
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What is the formula of ethanol?

C₂H₅OH

33
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What is fermentation?

Using yeast to convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

34
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What is the functional group in alcohols?

–OH

35
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What is the functional group in carboxylic acids?

–COOH

36
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What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

They form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide.

37
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What is a polymer?

A large molecule made by joining many monomers.

38
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What is addition polymerisation?

When alkenes join to form polymers, with no other products.

39
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What is condensation polymerisation?

Joining monomers with two functional groups, producing a polymer and a small molecule (e.g., water).

40
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What are natural polymers?

Polymers found in nature, e.g., proteins, DNA, starch.

41
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What is the test for hydrogen gas?

It makes a squeaky pop with a lit splint.

42
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What is the test for oxygen?

It relights a glowing splint.

43
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What is the test for carbon dioxide?

It turns limewater cloudy.

44
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What is the test for chlorine?

It bleaches damp blue litmus paper white.

45
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What is a pure substance (in chemistry)?

A substance made of only one type of element or compound.

46
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How can you tell if a substance is pure?

It has a sharp melting or boiling point.

47
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What is a formulation?

A useful mixture with a precise purpose, made by mixing specific amounts.

48
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Give an example of a formulation.

Paint, fuel, cleaning products, or medicines.

49
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What is chromatography used for?

To separate mixtures and identify substances.

50
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What is the stationary phase in paper chromatography?

The paper.

51
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What is the mobile phase in paper chromatography?

The solvent (e.g., water or ethanol).

52
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How do you calculate Rf value?

Rf = distance moved by spot ÷ distance moved by solvent.

53
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What was the Earth's early atmosphere mostly made of?

Carbon dioxide with little or no oxygen.

54
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How did oxygen levels in the atmosphere increase?

Algae and plants photosynthesised.

55
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What caused CO₂ levels to decrease?

Dissolved in oceans and formed sedimentary rocks.

56
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What is the greenhouse effect?

Trapping of infrared radiation by gases in the atmosphere.

57
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Name two greenhouse gases.

Carbon dioxide and methane.

58
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Give one human activity that increases methane.

Farming cattle or landfill.

59
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What is global warming?

A rise in the Earth's average surface temperature.

60
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Give one consequence of global warming.

Melting ice caps, sea level rise, extreme weather.

61
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What is a carbon footprint?

The total amount of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases emitted over the life cycle of something.

62
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Give one way to reduce carbon footprint.

Using renewable energy or increasing energy efficiency.

63
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Name a pollutant from burning fossil fuels.

Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulates.

64
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Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

It binds with haemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport.

65
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What causes acid rain?

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolving in rainwater.

66
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What are the effects of acid rain?

Damages buildings, kills plants and aquatic life.

67
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What is potable water?

Water that is safe to drink but not chemically pure.

68
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What is desalination?

Removing salt from seawater to produce potable water.

69
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Name two methods of desalination.

Distillation and reverse osmosis.

70
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What is wastewater?

Water that has been used and contaminated (e.g., sewage).

71
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Name three steps in sewage treatment.

Screening, sedimentation, and aeration.

72
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What is life cycle assessment (LCA)?

A method to assess environmental impact of a product over its whole life.

73
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Why are LCAs sometimes unreliable?

They involve value judgments and assumptions.

74
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What is a finite resource?

A resource that will eventually run out (e.g., crude oil).

75
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What is a renewable resource?

A resource that can be replaced naturally (e.g., biofuels).

76
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What is corrosion?

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with the environment.

77
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What is rusting?

The corrosion of iron in the presence of oxygen and water.

78
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How can rusting be prevented?

Painting, oiling, plastic coating, or galvanising.

79
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What is galvanising?

Coating iron with zinc to prevent rusting.

80
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What is sacrificial protection?

Using a more reactive metal to protect a less reactive one.

81
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What is an alloy?

A mixture of metals (or a metal and another element) to improve properties.

82
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Give an example of an alloy.

Brass (copper and zinc), steel (iron and carbon).

83
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Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

Different-sized atoms disrupt layers, preventing them sliding.

84
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What are ceramics?

Brittle, heat-resistant non-metal solids like clay or glass.

85
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What is borosilicate glass?

A type of glass with a higher melting point than soda-lime glass.

86
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What is a composite material?

A material made from two or more substances with improved properties.

87
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Give an example of a composite.

Fibreglass, carbon fibre, concrete.

88
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What is the Haber process used for?

Making ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

89
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What are the conditions for the Haber process?

450°C, 200 atm, iron catalyst.

90
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Why is ammonia important?

It’s used to make fertilisers like ammonium nitrate.

91
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What is NPK fertiliser?

A fertiliser containing compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

92
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What raw material is used to get nitrogen in fertiliser?

Ammonia from the Haber process.

93
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How is phosphate rock treated to make fertiliser?

Reacted with acid to produce soluble salts.

94
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How are potassium salts used in fertilisers?

They are mined and used directly.

95
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What is the atom economy?

Atom economy = (Mr of desired product ÷ total Mr of all products) × 100

96
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Why is high atom economy good?

It reduces waste and uses resources efficiently.

97
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What is percentage yield?

(Actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) × 100

98
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What does a low yield mean?

Some product was lost or the reaction was incomplete.

99
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What are the units for concentration?

grams per dm³ or mol per dm³.

100
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What is the formula for concentration?

Concentration = mass ÷ volume