UNIFICATION AND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Conservatism (19th century)

A political philosophy of the 1700/1800s which sought to return to the old order of aristocratic rule through monarchies

Liberalism (19th century)

Political belief characterized by making moderate changes gradually to incorporate freedom, equality, and representative government; hostility towards the privileged aristocracy; most members of the Bourgeoisie

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country based on shared language and culture; aligns with 19th century Liberalism

Camillo di Cavour

The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples helped lead to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). His group was known as the Red Shirts.

The Red Shirts

The guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.

Count Cavour (1810-1861)

Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.

Papal States (Rome)

Based in Rome and ruled by the Pope, the Papal States were included in the Unification of the nation of Italy

German Confederation

It consisted of 39 loosely states recognized by The Congress of Vienna, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia; the confederation had little power and was not yet its own nation

Otto von Bismarck

(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals; espoused by Bismarck

Blood and Iron Speech

Otto von Bismarck delivered it in 1862 which set the strong tone for his future policies of building a strong, unified German state; influenced by Machaiavelli

German Unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in Great Britain in the late 18th century; led to the transformation from an agricultural/rural economy to an industrial/urban one

Capital

money for investment

Entrepreneurship

the process of starting, organizing, managing, and assuming the responsibility for a business

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.

Flying Shuttle

was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand

Steam Engine

Invented by James Watt in the late 1700s, powered by steam and coal, It could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines. Made it possible for factories to exist away from a river or stream.

Railroads

First were built in England in the 1830s during the Industrial Revolution. A major transportation development of the 19th century.

1st Industrial Revolution

A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed the cotton textile industries.

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Ludditterm-36es

British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed labor-saving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many poor families lived who typically worked in urban factories

Factory Acts (1802-1833)

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.

2nd Industrial Revolution

A wave of late 19th century industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state; encourages improvement and growth; tends towards extreme disparities in wealth

Laissez-faire economics

Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.

Industrial Middle Class/Bourgeoisie

-New middle class-Owned the factories, mines, and railroads-Lived in well furnished homes on paved streets-Well dressed and groomed-Took pride in hard work to get ahead-Women stayed home to raise their children-Self-made and wealthy

Industrial Working Class/Proletariat

lower class created during the 18th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution; workers experienced dangerous and poor living as well as working conditions

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Karl Marx

19th-century political economist. Often recognized as the father of communism. He believed that communism would replace capitalism. Believed in a classless society and atheism.

Means/Factors of Production

the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth; anything needed to create wealth

Socialism

A political and economic system in which the government owns and controls the means of production. Disincentives personal agency and growth; results in corruption; Marx believed it was a precursor to communism

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their needs; results in corruption; atheistic

Atheism

The denial of the existence of God; a Communist belief