Human Evolution and Early Cultures

Flashcards covering key concepts in human evolution, culture, and archaeology from the lecture notes.

What are the two main types of dating techniques mentioned in the lecture?

Relative dating and absolute dating.

What are the three components of language development discussed in the notes?

Physical, cognitive, and social components.

When did human brain size reach modern levels according to the notes?

By about 200,000 years ago.

What significant cultural phase began around 100,000 years ago?

An accelerated cultural phase in South Africa.

What is the significance of tool-making in relation to language development?

Language and tool-making came together as co-development.

How does past and future cognitive expression play into language?

Through conditional and predictive statements.

What are some limitations of archaeological dating techniques?

They require calibration and have a plus/minus factor.

What material culture began around 2.6 million years ago?

The use of stone tools.

What is the significance of ochre in early human culture?

It could be used for decoration and marking, but less useful than beads.

What does the expansion of expression and communication in early humans represent?

The transition to behavioral modernity.

What is an example of a significant archaeological site mentioned in the notes?

Gobekli Tepe, indicating ritual activities before settled agriculture.

What is dendrochronology?

A dating technique using tree rings to determine age.

How did the advent of agriculture impact societal structures?

It organized communities, increased population growth, and resulted in complex societies.

What did the transition to metal production require?

Ore, fire, and specialized skills.

What is indicated by human-made changes to landscapes, according to the lecture?

The concept of 'landscape capital' which impacts future generations.

What does the term anthropocene refer to in environmental discussions?

The era defined by significant human impact on the Earth.

What is CRM archaeology defined as?

Cultural Resource Management, focusing on the preservation of archaeological sites.

What might the study of isotopes reveal?

Migration patterns and origins of individuals through trace elements.

Why are beads noted as more significant than shells in ancient trade?

Beads are more durable and convey social status.

What are some social functions of ritual in early societies?

To solve social problems and organize community events.

Why is the Indus Valley civilization notable in archaeological studies?

Its cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro demonstrate early urban sophistication.

How did the development of writing change societies?

It allowed for record-keeping, legal systems, and complex administrative functions.

What marked the transition to the use of bronze in societies?

The alloying of copper with tin.