Stage 1 - Carbon Chemistry

Unit 2 of Stage 1 Chemistry

Why is Carbon an important element?

It can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms and are small enough to fit in a complex structures.

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds consisting only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

What is the difference between an aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon?

Aliphatic has no aromatic rings and Aromatic has aromatic rings.

Alkane

A type of saturated hydrocarbon consisting of single bonds.

Alkene

A type of unsaturated hydrocarbon consisting of at least one double bond.

Alkyne

A type of unsaturated hydrocarbon consisting of at least one triple bond.

What are examples of common Alkyl groups (Branches)?

* Methyl
* Ethyl
* Propyl
* Butyl
* Pentyl

What are formula types will you often use?

* Molecular formula
* Structural formula
* Semi-structural formula
* Condensed semi-structured formula
* Skeletal formula

Structural Isomers

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms.

Branches

Atoms or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen and gets attached to the carbon in the longest carbon chain.

Crude Oil

Unprocessed oil from underground that is extremely valuable that provides hydrocarbons to be used in various industries.

Fractional Distillation

A process that separates hydrocarbons of crude oil into fractions with similar boiling points.

What is the general formula for Alkanes?

CxH2x+2

What is the general formula for Alkenes?

CxH2x

What is the general formula for Alkynes?

CxH2x-2

The prefix for 1 carbon atom is…

Meth-

The prefix for 2 carbon atoms is…

Eth-

The prefix for 3 carbon atoms is…

Prop-

The prefix for 4 carbon atoms is…

But-

The prefix for 5 carbon atoms is…

Pent-

The prefix for 6 carbon atoms is…

Hex-

The prefix for 7 carbon atoms is…

Hept-

The prefix for 8 carbon atoms is…

Oct-

The prefix for 9 carbon atoms is…

Non-

The prefix for 10 carbon atoms is…

Dec-

Endothermic Reactions

Reactions that absorb heat from the surroundings.

Exothermic Reactions

Reactions that release heat to the surroundings.

Enthalpy

Thermodynamic property that represents the total heat content of a system at constant pressure.

Complete Combustion

An exothermic reaction where a fuel reacts rapidly with Oxygen, releasing heat and light.

Functional Groups

Branches within a molecule that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.

Alcohols (Hydroxyl)

A functional group consisting of one oxygen and hydrogen atom.

Carboxylic Acids (Carbonyl)

A functional group consisting of a carbon, double bonded oxygen, and a hydroxyl.

Amides

A functional group consisting of carbon, double bonded oxygen, and an amine.

Aldehyde

A functional group consisting of carbon, double bonded oxygen, and a hydrogen.

Keytone

A functional group with carbon branches attached to a carbon and double bonded oxygen.

Incomplete Combustion

A combustion reaction where these is lack of oxygen, releasing carbon monoxide and carbon.

Primary Group

A functional group containing 1 hydrocarbon chain.

Secondary Group

A functional group containing 2 hydrocarbon chains.

Tertiary Group

A functional group containing 3 hydrocarbon chains.

Saponification

The process of converting triglycerides into soaps and alcohols, with an aqueous alkali

Micelle

Spherical structures containing soap anions.

Solute

Substance that gets dissolved and is present in lesser amounts.

Solvent

Substance that dissolves the solute and is present in greater amounts.

Solubility

The ability of a solute to dissolve (become solute) in a solvent.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a compound.

The prefix for alcohols (hydroxl) is…

\-ol

The prefix for carboxylic acids (carbonyl) is…

\-anoic acid

The prefix for amides is…

\-amide

The prefix for aldehydes is…

\-anal

The prefix for keytones is…

\-anone

Addition Reactions

A reaction where two or more molecules combines with another to form a larger molecule, typically of alkenes and alkynes.

What are the four types of addition reactions?

* Hydrogenation (with Hydrogens)
* Halogenation (with Halogens)
* Hydrogenation (with Hydroxide)
* Halohydrogenation (with both Halogens and Hydrogens)

The prefix for amines is…

\-amine

What is the complete combustion reaction equation?

Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O

What is the incomplete combustion reaction equation?

Fuel + O2 → C + H2O or Fuel + O2 → CO + H2O