Stage 1 - Carbon Chemistry
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Last updated 3:43 AM on 8/14/24
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55 Terms
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Why is Carbon an important element?
It can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms and are small enough to fit in a complex structures.
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Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds consisting only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
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What is the difference between an aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon?
Aliphatic has no aromatic rings and Aromatic has aromatic rings.
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Alkane
A type of saturated hydrocarbon consisting of single bonds.
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Alkene
A type of unsaturated hydrocarbon consisting of at least one double bond.
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Alkyne
A type of unsaturated hydrocarbon consisting of at least one triple bond.
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What are examples of common Alkyl groups (Branches)?
* Methyl
* Ethyl
* Propyl
* Butyl
* Pentyl
* Ethyl
* Propyl
* Butyl
* Pentyl
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What are formula types will you often use?
* Molecular formula
* Structural formula
* Semi-structural formula
* Condensed semi-structured formula
* Skeletal formula
* Structural formula
* Semi-structural formula
* Condensed semi-structured formula
* Skeletal formula
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Structural Isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms.
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Branches
Atoms or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen and gets attached to the carbon in the longest carbon chain.
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Crude Oil
Unprocessed oil from underground that is extremely valuable that provides hydrocarbons to be used in various industries.
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Fractional Distillation
A process that separates hydrocarbons of crude oil into fractions with similar boiling points.
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What is the general formula for Alkanes?
CxH2x+2
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What is the general formula for Alkenes?
CxH2x
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What is the general formula for Alkynes?
CxH2x-2
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The prefix for 1 carbon atom is…
Meth-
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The prefix for 2 carbon atoms is…
Eth-
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The prefix for 3 carbon atoms is…
Prop-
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The prefix for 4 carbon atoms is…
But-
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The prefix for 5 carbon atoms is…
Pent-
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The prefix for 6 carbon atoms is…
Hex-
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The prefix for 7 carbon atoms is…
Hept-
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The prefix for 8 carbon atoms is…
Oct-
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The prefix for 9 carbon atoms is…
Non-
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The prefix for 10 carbon atoms is…
Dec-
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Endothermic Reactions
Reactions that absorb heat from the surroundings.
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Exothermic Reactions
Reactions that release heat to the surroundings.
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Enthalpy
Thermodynamic property that represents the total heat content of a system at constant pressure.
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Complete Combustion
An exothermic reaction where a fuel reacts rapidly with Oxygen, releasing heat and light.
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Functional Groups
Branches within a molecule that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.
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Alcohols (Hydroxyl)
A functional group consisting of one oxygen and hydrogen atom.
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Carboxylic Acids (Carbonyl)
A functional group consisting of a carbon, double bonded oxygen, and a hydroxyl.
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Amides
A functional group consisting of carbon, double bonded oxygen, and an amine.
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Aldehyde
A functional group consisting of carbon, double bonded oxygen, and a hydrogen.
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Keytone
A functional group with carbon branches attached to a carbon and double bonded oxygen.
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Incomplete Combustion
A combustion reaction where these is lack of oxygen, releasing carbon monoxide and carbon.
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Primary Group
A functional group containing 1 hydrocarbon chain.
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Secondary Group
A functional group containing 2 hydrocarbon chains.
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Tertiary Group
A functional group containing 3 hydrocarbon chains.
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Saponification
The process of converting triglycerides into soaps and alcohols, with an aqueous alkali
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Micelle
Spherical structures containing soap anions.
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Solute
Substance that gets dissolved and is present in lesser amounts.
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Solvent
Substance that dissolves the solute and is present in greater amounts.
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Solubility
The ability of a solute to dissolve (become solute) in a solvent.
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Molar Mass
The mass of one mole of a compound.
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The prefix for alcohols (hydroxl) is…
\-ol
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The prefix for carboxylic acids (carbonyl) is…
\-anoic acid
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The prefix for amides is…
\-amide
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The prefix for aldehydes is…
\-anal
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The prefix for keytones is…
\-anone
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Addition Reactions
A reaction where two or more molecules combines with another to form a larger molecule, typically of alkenes and alkynes.
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What are the four types of addition reactions?
* Hydrogenation (with Hydrogens)
* Halogenation (with Halogens)
* Hydrogenation (with Hydroxide)
* Halohydrogenation (with both Halogens and Hydrogens)
* Halogenation (with Halogens)
* Hydrogenation (with Hydroxide)
* Halohydrogenation (with both Halogens and Hydrogens)
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The prefix for amines is…
\-amine
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What is the complete combustion reaction equation?
Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O
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What is the incomplete combustion reaction equation?
Fuel + O2 → C + H2O or Fuel + O2 → CO + H2O
