Units 2/3 Materials Check

Herath (2016)

Herath (2016)

positive & negative peace

White (n.d.)

Democratic Peace Theory

Enloe (2023)

feminist peace

FLS Ch. 12

Human Rights

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

FLS Ch. 14

“Challenges to the Global Order”

• Transnationalism

• WMD

• Cyber warfare

• Nuclear non-proliferation

FLS Ch. 6

Terrorism

civil war

“Violence by Nonstate Actors”

Hoffman (2006)

terrorism

FLS Ch. 13

Global Environment

FLS Ch. 10

Causes of the Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Fisher (2012)

Slacktivism

Madden (2022)

Slacktivism

transnationalism

the weakening of control a nation-state has over its borders, inhabitants, and territory; issues may “bleed”/spread to other nations & affect people far from the place of origination

FLS Ch. 6

FLS Ch. 13

FLS Ch. 14 (“Challenges to Global Order”)

• pandemics

• cyber warfare

• WMD

• terrorism

• refugees/migrants

• climate issues

terrorism

• The use or threatened use of violence against noncombatant actors by individuals or nonstate groups for to achieve a political or social goal.

• Hoffman (2006): a “messy means of achieving political goals”

• FLS Ch. 6

• violence, fear

• Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Ku Klux Klan, etc.

irredentism

seeking to detach a region from one country and attach it to another; shared ethnic or religious ties

group of people are dissatisfied with being under a certain government & wish to be associated with “homeland”

• Russian-speaking rebels in Eastern Ukraine wanting to become “part of Russia” once again

slacktivism

The practice of supporting a political or social cause by means such as social media or online petitions, characterized as involving very little effort or commitment

• Fisher (2012)

• Madden (2022)

• Ex. KONY 2012

separatism

• the desire to create an independent state on territory carved from an existing state

• starting own state, independent of existing one

• Ex. American Civil War (Confederacy)

less developed countries (LDCs)

countries at a relatively low level of economic development

• FLS Ch. 10 (Wealth & Poverty of Nations)

• FLS Ch. 13 (Environment)

• How: Geographic, domestic factors

• Why it matters: LDCs are at a disadvantage when dealing with environmental issues; ex. Bangladesh

Transnational Actor Networks (TANs)

• A set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective

• Groups that operate across border to help those on the ground that don’t have as much power to

• You can’t create change, so you use other means (ex. social media) to drive change

• mechanism: boomerang effect

collective action problem

obstacles to cooperation that occur when actors have incentives to collaborate but each acts with the expectation that others will pay the costs of cooperation; commonly seen when dealing with climate change issues

climate migration

moving because the climate is too harsh; moving because of natural disasters

Women’s International League for Peace & Freedom (WILPF)

International anti-war group, non-governmental organization, one of the world’s longest standing women’s peace organizations looking to attain sustainable peace through a feminist lens. Transnational Activist Network (TAN). Consultative status with the UN.

• Feminist peace

• Reproductive protections

• Workplace protections

war crimes

violation of the laws of war such as killing civilians, killing POWs, torture, rape, genocide, child soldiers

all about crimes against humanity

Nuremberg trials

Al Qaeda

A terrorist group rooted in the Middle East responsible for the devastating September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. Claim Islam as guiding force for attacks. Symbol of United States ongoing “War on Terror” (killing of Osama bin Laden in 2012).

• blend in with local population

• asymmetric/unconventional warfare

• mobile; difficult to find; no permanent HQ

boomerang effect

• A state activates transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states into their own governments

• Can be an individual (ex. Greta Thunberg)

• How: TV, social media, speeches, rallies

• Rejects the norm of needing “formal government action” to drive change

humanitarian intervention

use or threat of force by a state across borders with the intent of ending human rights violations

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

A declaration, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, defined as a “common standard of achievement for all peoples” and forms the foundation of modern human rights law

human rights

the basic or intrinsic rights possessed by all individuals by simply being human beings. All humans are born with them

• right to food, water, shelter, religion, safety, respect

• Ex. John Locke “inalienable rights”: Life, liberty, property

International Bill of Rights

The UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR collectively. These three agreements form the core of the international human rights regime.

R2P

“Responsibility to Protect;” the idea that nations are obligated to help/protect people that cannot protect themselves; ties with humanitarian intervention.

Human Rights slides

Democratic Peace Theory (DPT)

The idea that democracies are “less likely to fight one another” because there are few clear cases of war between democracies; reluctant to engage in war with one another.

White (n.d.)

democracy

• A political system in which candidates compete for political office through frequent, fair elections in which a sizable portion of the adult population can vote.

• Representatives perform the basic functions of government

• Free & Fair Elections

• Equality, Rule of Law, Human Rights, Checks and Balances, Freedom of Information, Independent Judiciary, Lack of Corruption

• Addressing grievances in civilized, systematic manner

• FLS Ch. 6 (Terrorism)

• FLS Ch. 10 (Wealth & Poverty of Nations)

feminist peace

Women are ensured their rights & have a fair say in how their lives unfold; Women are “equal” in wartime & don’t have to worry about rape or unfair treatment; Women feel empowered and in control of their lives.

• reproductive rights

• working equality

• sexual harassment controls

• systematic wartime rape consequences

Enloe (2023)

positive peace

• Global justice; creation of institutions to ensure peace

• “True, “pure” peace built on justice for all people

• global harmony; interconnectedness of life; tranquility

• Can be considered an idealistic/unrealistic/utopian view of peace

Herath (2016)

negative peace

• The absence of violence, fear, war, conflict

• “Not shooting at one another”

• Can be momentary or fleeting

• Can be considered a “false” or “shallow” sense of peace

Herath (2016)

nuclear disarmament

Elimination or limiting of nuclear weapons in the world, more specifically the threat of multiple nations stockpiling highly destructive nuclear weapons

• North Korea

• United States vs. Soviet Union in Cold War

genocide

• Intentional and systematic killing targeting a specific group of people, such as a religion or ethnic group

• Often synonymous with “ethnic cleansing” or “forceful removal.”

• Eradication of a group based on race, ethnicity, religion

FLS Ch. 12 (Human Rights)

global governance

International laws/rules/norms that govern global behavior

• Institutions in place that guide international relations.

• Institutions that coordinate the behavior of transnational actors, facilitate cooperation, resolve disputes, and alleviate collective action problems

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

international agreement enacted in 1992 (entered into force in 1994) that provides an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts on climate change

FLS Ch. 13

tragedy of the commons

• A problem that occurs when a resource is open to all, without limit. No one has an incentive to conserve, because others would use the resource anyway. Ultimately, the resource suffers degradation because of a continued cycle of doing nothing.

• “Someone is going to do it anyway” mentality

• Ex. cutting down rainforests, using up natural gas because “everyone else is”

FLS Ch. 13

public goods

Products that are nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption; should be available to the public/everyone; inherent like human rights (ex. Clean air)

FLS Ch. 13

common pool resources

Goods that are available to everyone, but such that one user’s consumption of the good reduces the amount available for others. Rival but non-excludable.

FLS Ch. 13

natural gas/fuel/energy sources

carbon trading

the use of a marketplace to buy and sell credits that allow companies or other parties to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide; regulatory efforts in mitigating carbon emissions; treating carbon like a commodity

FLS Ch. 13

forces states to take accountability for their emissions

cyber warfare as a transnational threat

• acts of cybercrime that occur at the international level and disrupt global order

• attacking/shutting down critical infrastructure (electrical grids & water systems)

• stealing intellectual property & top secret information

• hacking elections

FLS Ch. 14 (“Challenges to the Global Order”)

populism

A political avenue, generally geared at a mass of people, appealing to the feeling that the majority’s opinions are not heard by the ruling elite

• Who: younger politicians, disenfranchised citizens, working/middle class

• Ex. French Revolution, Farmers' Alliances in 1800s

global health emergency as a transnational threat

• illnesses/diseases know no borders

• COVID-19 pandemic

• FLS Ch. 14 (“Challenges to Global Order”)

migration

• Forced or voluntary movement of people in search of basic human resources and safety, due to factors such as war, climate change, economics, religious persecution, etc.

• Discussed throughout FLS

soft targets vs. hard targets

A separation of military versus nonmilitary targets. Soft targets include civilians whereas hard targets include military targets and infrastructure.

peacekeeping vs. peace enforcing

1) An operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement

2) A military operation in which force is used to make and/or enforce peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting

9/11

a devastating terrorist attack carried out by Al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001. Several Commercial airliners were hijacked and flown into the Twin Towers, killing thousands. Represents a negative effect of transnationalism in which nations cannot prevent certain issues or violence from other nations from spilling into theirs.

significance…

• rally around the flag effect

• led to decades-long “War on Terror”