General Biology Mid Exam Prep

First semester of general biology mid exam preparation

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?

A) Nucleus B) Chloroplast C) Mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus

C) Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion is the correct answer because it is the site of cellular respiration, a process that produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate). During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are metabolized in the mitochondria to generate ATP, which cells use for energy.

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

a) Protein synthesis b) Lipid production c) Cellular respiration d) Protein modification and packaging

d) Protein modification and packaging

The Golgi apparatus processes, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. It adds carbohydrate chains to proteins (glycosylation) and sorts them into vesicles for transport to their final destinations.

Which of the following organelles is responsible for the synthesis of proteins in a eukaryotic cell?

A) Mitochondria B) Golgi apparatus C) Endoplasmic reticulum D) Vacuole

C) Endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle responsible for protein synthesis. It comes in two forms: rough ER, which has ribosomes attached to its surface and is involved in protein synthesis, and smooth ER, which is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Which organelle is responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration?

A) Nucleus B) Chloroplast C) Lysosome D) Mitochondrion

D) Mitochondrion

Explanation: The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell and is responsible for generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration. This process involves the conversion of glucose and oxygen into ATP, providing energy for the cell.

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

A) Synthesis of lipids B) Protein degradation C) Protein modification and sorting D) DNA replication

C) Protein modification and sorting

Explanation: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport within or outside the cell. It plays a crucial role in post-translational modifications of proteins.

Which of the following cellular structures is responsible for maintaining cell shape, providing support, and facilitating cell movement?

A) Cytoskeleton B) Nucleus C) Ribosome D) Peroxisome

A) Cytoskeleton

Explanation: The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments (such as microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) that provides structural support to the cell, helps maintain its shape, and facilitates cell movement.

What is the primary function of the lysosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

A) Energy production B) Protein synthesis C) Digestion of cellular waste and debris D) DNA replication

C) Digestion of cellular waste and debris

Explanation: Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down cellular waste, debris, and foreign substances through a process called autophagy. They are involved in the recycling of cellular components and the digestion of materials taken in by endocytosis.

Which organelle contains the genetic material (DNA) of a eukaryotic cell?

A) Nucleus B) Ribosome C) Vacuole D) Chloroplast

A) Nucleus

Explanation: The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains the genetic material, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). It acts as the control center of the cell, regulating gene expression and directing cellular activities.

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells and algae?

A) Mitochondrion B) Nucleus C) Golgi apparatus D) Chloroplast

D) Chloroplast

Explanation: Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants and algae convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using chlorophyll and other pigments.

What is the primary function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

A) ATP synthesis B) Storage of water and nutrients C) Protein synthesis D) DNA replication

B) Storage of water and nutrients

Explanation: The central vacuole in plant cells primarily stores water, ions, pigments, and other nutrients. It helps maintain turgor pressure and supports the structure of the cell.

What is the main function of epithelial tissue in animals?

a) Providing support and structure b) Transmitting electrical signals c) Covering and lining body surfaces d) Contracting and generating force

c) Covering and lining body surfaces

Epithelial tissue covers the internal and external surfaces of the body, including organs and cavities. Its main function is to provide a protective barrier, absorb nutrients, and secrete substances. It plays a crucial role in covering and lining various body surfaces.

Which of the following is a characteristic of connective tissue? a) Conducting electrical impulses b) Highly vascularized c) Contracting for movement d) Providing structural support and binding

d) Providing structural support and binding

Connective tissue is characterized by its ability to provide structural support and connect different tissues and organs in the body. It is not primarily involved in conducting electrical impulses (as in nervous tissue), being highly vascularized (as in blood vessels), or contracting for movement (as in muscle tissue).

Where would you primarily find smooth muscle tissue in the human body?

a) Skeletal muscles b) Heart c) Blood vessels and organs like the stomach d) Brain and spinal cord

c) Blood vessels and organs like the stomach

Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of internal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. It is responsible for involuntary contractions in these structures, facilitating processes like digestion and regulating blood flow.

What is the main function of nervous tissue in animals?

a) Providing support and protection b) Transmitting and processing information c) Generating force for movement d) Producing hormones

b) Transmitting and processing information Explanation: Nervous tissue, which includes neurons and glial cells, is primarily responsible for transmitting and processing information within the nervous system. It plays a crucial role in receiving sensory input, processing it, and sending out appropriate responses, allowing animals to perceive and react to their environment.

Which of the following is a specialized type of connective tissue that stores energy in the form of triglycerides (fat)?

a) Cartilage b) Adipose tissue c) Tendons d) Blood

b) Adipose tissue Explanation: Adipose tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that stores energy in the form of triglycerides (fat). It also serves as insulation and padding in the body. It is found throughout the body, primarily in subcutaneous and visceral locations.

Which of the following processes is responsible for the production of new cells in a multicellular organism?

A) Mitosis B) Meiosis C) DNA replication D) Protein synthesis

A) Mitosis

Mitosis is the process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. It is responsible for the growth, repair, and maintenance of somatic (body) cells in multicellular organisms.

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A) G1 phase B) S phase C) G2 phase D) M phase

B) S phase

DNA replication occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of the cell cycle. In this phase, the DNA in the cell is duplicated, ensuring that each daughter cell will have a complete set of genetic information.

Which of the following is true about cytokinesis?

A) It occurs during mitosis but not during meiosis.

B) It is the division of the cell's nucleus.

C) It typically results in the formation of two identical daughter cells.

D) It only occurs in animal cells.

C) It typically results in the formation of two identical daughter cells is the correct answer. Cytokinesis is the process of dividing the cytoplasm and other cell organelles after the completion of either mitosis or meiosis. In most cases, it results in the formation of two daughter cells with identical genetic material.

A) Cytokinesis occurs during both mitosis and meiosis.

B) The division of the cell's nucleus is part of mitosis and meiosis but not specifically cytokinesis.

D) Cytokinesis can occur in both animal and plant cells, although the process differs slightly between the two.

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

a) Transport nutrients to cells

b) Filter waste products from the blood

c) Exchange gases between the body and the environment

d) Regulate body temperature

c) Exchange gases between the body and the environment

The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the body and the environment.

(a) pertains more to the circulatory system, (b) is related to the excretory system, and (d) is associated with the integumentary and thermoregulatory functions.

Which component of the blood is responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues throughout the body? a) Red blood cells b) Platelets c) Plasma d) White blood cells

a) Red blood cells

Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin, which binds with oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, plasma is the liquid portion of blood, and white blood cells are responsible for immune responses.

In which organ does most of the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins occur?

a) Stomach b) Small intestine c) Liver d) Large intestine

b) Small intestine

The small intestine is the primary site for the chemical digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The stomach primarily digests proteins, and the large intestine is responsible for water absorption. The liver produces bile, which aids in fat digestion.

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion? a) Central nervous system (CNS) b) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) c) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) d) Somatic nervous system (SNS)

c) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, the PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body, and the SNS controls voluntary movements.

Which type of muscle is under voluntary control and is responsible for body movements?

a) Smooth muscle b) Cardiac muscle c) Skeletal muscle d) Cardiac and smooth muscles

c) Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control and are responsible for body movements. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are involuntary and found in internal organs and the heart, respectively.

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

a) Produce hormones b) Protect vital organs c) Generate electrical impulses d) Facilitate movement

b) Protect vital organs

The primary function of the skeletal system is to provide structural support, protect vital organs, and facilitate movement. Hormone production and electrical impulses are functions of other systems.

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

a) Regulation of body temperature b) Digestion of food c) Blood circulation d) Respiratory gas exchange

a) Regulation of body temperature

The integumentary system primarily regulates body temperature, protects against environmental hazards, and provides sensory information. Digestion, blood circulation, and respiratory gas exchange are functions of other systems.

Which gland in the endocrine system controls the body's metabolism?

a) Thyroid gland b) Adrenal gland c) Pancreas d) Pituitary gland

a) Thyroid gland

The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. The adrenal gland produces hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, the pancreas regulates blood sugar, and the pituitary gland controls various bodily functions by releasing hormones.

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

a) Regulation of blood pressure b) Digestion of food c) Filtration of waste products from the blood d) Production of hormones

c) Filtration of waste products from the blood

The urinary system filters waste products from the blood, regulates electrolyte balance, and helps maintain blood pressure. Digestion, hormone production, and other functions are not primarily associated with the urinary system.

Which component of the lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune responses and filters harmful substances from the lymph?

a) Lymph nodes b) Spleen c) Kidneys d) Liver

a) Lymph nodes

Lymph nodes are essential in immune responses, as they filter harmful substances from the lymph and house immune cells. The spleen also plays a role in filtering blood and immune functions, but lymph nodes are more directly involved in the lymphatic system.

In the male reproductive system, where are sperm produced?

a) Epididymis b) Testes c) Vas deferens d) Prostate gland

b) Testes

Sperm is produced in the testes. The epididymis stores and matures sperm, the vas deferens transports sperm, and the prostate gland is involved in semen production.

Which type of immune cell is responsible for producing antibodies? a) T cells b) B cells c) Macrophages d) Neutrophils

b) B cells

B cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help fight infections. T cells play a role in cell-mediated immunity, while macrophages and neutrophils are involved in phagocytosis and immune responses.

Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

A) CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

B) C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

C) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

D) 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP → C6H12O6 + 6O2

B) C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O.

During cellular respiration, glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and ATP.

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

A) Mitochondrial matrix B) Cytoplasm C) Inner mitochondrial membrane D) Nuclear envelope

Glycolysis occurs in the B) cytoplasm. It is the initial step of cellular respiration and takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Which molecule is produced in the highest quantity during the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?

A) ATP

B) NADH

C) FADH2

D) CO2

D) CO2 is produced in the highest quantity during the Krebs cycle. For each turn of the cycle, three molecules of NADH, one molecule of FADH2, one molecule of ATP (or GTP), and two molecules of CO2 are generated.

How many ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration?

A) 2 ATP B) 4 ATP C) 36 ATP D) 38 ATP

C) 36 ATP are produced per molecule of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration. This includes 2 ATP from glycolysis, 2 ATP from the Krebs cycle, and approximately 32 ATP from oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis).

Which step of cellular respiration generates the most ATP?

A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle C) Electron transport chain D) Fermentation

C) Electron transport chain generates the most ATP. The majority of ATP production in cellular respiration occurs in the electron transport chain through oxidative phosphorylation, where electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

In the absence of oxygen, what process follows glycolysis?

A) Electron transport chain B) Fermentation C) Krebs cycle D) Oxidative phosphorylation

B) Fermentation follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation allows the regeneration of NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to produce ATP, even without oxygen.

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

A) Oxygen (O2) B) Carbon dioxide (CO2) C) Water (H2O) D) NADH

A) Oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration. It combines with electrons and protons to form water (H2O).

Which type of cellular respiration results in the least amount of ATP production per glucose molecule?

A) Aerobic respiration B) Anaerobic respiration C) Fermentation D) Glycolysis

C) Fermentation results in the least amount of ATP production per glucose molecule. It only generates 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, whereas aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

What is the primary function of photosynthesis in plants?

A) To produce oxygen B) To convert sunlight into chemical energy C) To release carbon dioxide D) To break down glucose

B) To convert sunlight into chemical energy

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other autotrophic organisms convert sunlight into chemical energy (in the form of glucose) by using carbon dioxide and water. It is the fundamental process that sustains most life on Earth by providing the energy-rich molecules needed for growth and metabolism.

Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in plant cells?

A) Mitochondria B) Chloroplasts C) Nucleus D) Vacuole

B) Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis primarily occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles that contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A) Carbon dioxide and water B) Oxygen and glucose C) Glucose and carbon dioxide D) Oxygen and water

B) Oxygen and glucose

During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and water and, with the help of light energy, convert them into oxygen and glucose. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct, while glucose is used as an energy source for the plant.

Which wavelengths of light are most effective for photosynthesis?

A) Red and blue B) Green and yellow C) Infrared and ultraviolet D) White

A) Red and blue

Chlorophyll, the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis, absorbs light most efficiently in the red and blue wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. These wavelengths provide the energy needed to drive the photosynthetic process.

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, what is the role of water?

A) To produce carbon dioxide B) To provide electrons to the photosystem II C) To release oxygen gas D) To produce glucose

B) To provide electrons to the photosystem II

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, water molecules are split (photolysis) to provide electrons, protons (H+ ions), and oxygen. The electrons released from water are used to replace the electrons lost by chlorophyll in photosystem II, allowing the process to continue. This process also results in the release of oxygen gas (O2) as a byproduct.

Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) of photosynthesis?

A) ATP B) NADPH C) Glucose D) Oxygen

C) Glucose

The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, produces glucose (a sugar) as its primary product. This cycle utilizes ATP and NADPH, which are generated during the light-dependent reactions, to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

What is the primary purpose of the stomata in plant leaves during photosynthesis?

A) To absorb light energy B) To store glucose C) To exchange gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) D) To transport water

C) To exchange gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen)

Stomata are small openings in the epidermis of plant leaves that primarily serve the purpose of exchanging gases. During photosynthesis, they allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf for use in photosynthesis and facilitate the release of oxygen produced as a byproduct of the process.

What is ribosomes function?

A) Synthesis of lipids B) Translates RNA chains into polypeptide chains (protein). C) Protein modification and sorting D) DNA replication

B) Translates RNA chains into polypeptide chains (protein).

What is the definition of Eukaryotic cells

What is the function of the cell membrane in a eukaryotic cell?

A) Energy production

B) Genetic information storage

C) Selective barrier and communication

D) Protein synthesis

C) Selective barrier and communication

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, serves as a selective barrier that controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell. It is essential for maintaining the internal environment of the cell and for communication with other cells or the external environment. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the primary function of the cell membrane.

What is cytokinesis?

A) The division of the nucleus

B) The separation of sister chromatids

C) The division of the cytoplasm

D) The process of DNA replication

(C) The division of the cytoplasm. Cytokinesis is the final step in cell division, where the cytoplasm of the parent cell is divided into two daughter cells.

What is the role of the centrioles in animal cell division?

A) To anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix

B) To produce ATP for cell division

C) To organize the microtubules of the mitotic spindle

D) To store genetic information

(C) To organize the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Centrioles play a crucial role in organizing and anchoring the microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Which of the following is a characteristic of meiosis?

A) It results in four identical daughter cells.

B) It is involved in the growth and repair of tissues.

C) It occurs in somatic cells.

D) It reduces the chromosome number by half.

(D) It reduces the chromosome number by half. Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces four non-identical haploid daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, and is essential for sexual reproduction.

What is a chromatid?

A) A specialized structure for protein synthesis

B) A condensed form of DNA during cell division

C) A type of cell membrane

D) A molecule involved in energy production

(B) A condensed form of DNA during cell division. Chromatids are the individual strands of duplicated DNA joined at the centromere during cell division.

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?

A) Prophase B) Metaphase C) Anaphase D) Telophase

(C) Anaphase. During anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

What is the significance of crossing-over during meiosis?

A) It generates genetic diversity among offspring.

B) It ensures the formation of haploid cells.

C) It prevents the separation of sister chromatids.

D) It occurs only in mitosis.

(A) It generates genetic diversity among offspring. Crossing-over is a process during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, leading to genetic variation among the offspring.

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A) Mitosis produces haploid cells, while meiosis produces diploid cells.

B) Mitosis results in four daughter cells, while meiosis results in two.

C) Mitosis is involved in asexual reproduction, while meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction.

D) Mitosis only occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis only occurs in gametes.

(C) Mitosis is involved in asexual reproduction, while meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction. Mitosis is responsible for cell division in somatic cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces gametes for sexual reproduction.

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the growth and preparation for DNA synthesis?

A) G1 phase

B) S phase

C) G2 phase

D) M phase

(A) G1 phase. During the G1 phase, the cell grows, carries out normal functions, and prepares for DNA synthesis in the subsequent S phase.

What is the primary role of the G2 phase in the cell cycle?

A) DNA replication

B) Preparation for cell division

C) Cell growth

D) Chromosome condensation

(B) Preparation for cell division. The G2 phase is when the cell prepares for mitosis or meiosis, ensuring that it has the necessary components for successful cell division.

Which of the following statements about the S phase is correct?

A) Chromosome condensation occurs during the S phase.

B) DNA replication takes place in the S phase.

C) Cell division occurs in the S phase.

D) G1 phase follows the S phase.

(B) DNA replication takes place in the S phase. During the S phase, DNA is replicated, resulting in two identical sister chromatids for each chromosome.

During which phase of the cell cycle does chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown occur?

A) G1 phase

B) S phase

C) G2 phase

D) M phase

(D) M phase. Chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown occur during the M phase, which includes both mitosis and meiosis.

Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equator?

A) Prophase B) Metaphase C) Anaphase D) Telophase

(B) Metaphase

During metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane, known as the metaphase plate.

During which phase of meiosis does homologous recombination, or crossing-over, occur?

A) Prophase I

B) Metaphase I

C) Anaphase I

D) Telophase I

(A) Prophase I

Homologous recombination, or crossing-over, occurs during Prophase I of meiosis, when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity.

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

A) Two diploid daughter cells

B) Two haploid daughter cells

C) Four diploid daughter cells

D) Four haploid daughter cells

(D) Four haploid daughter cells

Meiosis consists of two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II), and it results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

What is the purpose of meiosis II in the cell division process?

A) To produce diploid cells B) To separate sister chromatids C) To generate genetic diversity D) To create haploid cells

(B) To separate sister chromatids. Meiosis II follows meiosis I and further separates the sister chromatids, ensuring that each of the four daughter cells is haploid.

What is the significance of the metaphase checkpoint during meiosis?

A) It ensures the proper alignment of sister chromatids.

B) It checks for DNA damage.

C) It ensures that homologous chromosomes are correctly paired.

D) It assesses cell size and nutrient availability.

(C) It ensures that homologous chromosomes are correctly paired.

The metaphase checkpoint during meiosis I ensures that homologous chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate before proceeding to anaphase I, ensuring the proper separation of homologous pairs.

Which of the following accurately describes the ploidy level of cells at the end of meiosis II?

A) Haploid B) Diploid C) Triploid D) Tetraploid

(A) Haploid

At the end of meiosis II, the four daughter cells are haploid, meaning they have half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

During meiosis, what is the role of spindle fibers?

A) To separate sister chromatids during meiosis I

B) To separate homologous chromosomes during meiosis I

C) To separate sister chromatids during meiosis II

D) To separate homologous chromosomes during meiosis II

(C) To separate sister chromatids during meiosis II

Spindle fibers are responsible for separating sister chromatids during meiosis II, resulting in the formation of four haploid daughter cells.

Which of the following is a characteristic of anaphase I in meiosis?

A) Separation of sister chromatids

B) Separation of homologous chromosomes

C) Formation of a cleavage furrow

D) Condensation of chromosomes

(B) Separation of homologous chromosomes

Anaphase I is characterized by the separation of homologous chromosomes, while anaphase II involves the separation of sister chromatids.

Which of the following is an example of loose connective tissue?

A) Bone

B) Blood

C) Adipose tissue

D) Tendon

C) Adipose tissue is an example of loose connective tissue. It consists of adipocytes (fat cells) and serves to store energy in the form of fat, provide insulation, and cushion organs.

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the respiratory passages and contains cilia for moving mucus?

A) Simple squamous epithelium

B) Simple cuboidal epithelium

C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

D) Stratified squamous epithelium

C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in the lining of the respiratory passages and contains cilia that move mucus. This arrangement helps to trap and move debris and pathogens out of the respiratory tract.

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary contractions of the digestive tract and blood vessel walls?

A) Skeletal muscle B) Smooth muscle C) Cardiac muscle D) Striated muscle

B) Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary contractions of the digestive tract, blood vessel walls, and various internal organs. Unlike skeletal muscle, it is not under conscious control.

Which animal tissue type has the highest regenerative capacity?

A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Nervous tissue D) Muscular tissue

A) Epithelial tissue has the highest regenerative capacity among animal tissues. It can quickly replace damaged cells and regenerate when injured, such as in the skin's case.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?

A) Abundant extracellular matrix

B) High vascularity

C) Tight cell-to-cell junctions

D) High contractility

C) Tight cell-to-cell junctions

Epithelial tissue is known for its tight cell-to-cell junctions, which help in creating a barrier that prevents substances from easily passing between cells. This feature is essential for its role in protection and selective transport.

Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for absorption and secretion in the small intestine?

A) Simple squamous epithelium

B) Stratified squamous epithelium

C) Simple columnar epithelium

D) Transitional epithelium

C) Simple columnar epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium is well-suited for absorption and secretion due to its tall, column-like cells that provide a larger surface area for these processes. It is commonly found in the lining of the small intestine, where nutrient absorption occurs.

Which of the following epithelial tissues is characterized by multiple layers of flattened cells and is found in the skin?

A) Simple cuboidal epithelium

B) Stratified squamous epithelium

C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

D) Transitional epithelium

B) Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium consists of multiple layers of flattened cells. It is found in the epidermis (outer layer) of the skin and provides protection against physical damage and dehydration.

Which type of epithelial tissue is specialized for rapid diffusion of gases in the lungs?

A) Simple squamous epithelium

B) Stratified cuboidal epithelium

C) Simple cuboidal epithelium

D) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A) Simple squamous epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium is composed of a single layer of thin, flat cells. It is ideal for rapid diffusion of gases due to its minimal barrier thickness. This tissue is found in the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.

Which epithelial tissue type is found lining the urinary bladder and allows for stretching as the bladder fills with urine?

A) Simple squamous epithelium

B) Stratified squamous epithelium

C) Simple cuboidal epithelium

D) Transitional epithelium

D) Transitional epithelium

Transitional epithelium is specialized for stretching and can be found lining the urinary bladder. This allows the bladder to expand as it fills with urine.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of epithelial tissue but not of connective tissue?

A) High cellularity

B) Abundant extracellular matrix

C) Vascularization

D) Secretory glands

A) High cellularity

Epithelial tissue is characterized by high cellularity, meaning it consists primarily of cells tightly packed together. In contrast, connective tissue has a significant extracellular matrix and can have lower cellularity.

What is the initial stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate?

A) Glycolysis

B) Krebs cycle

C) Electron transport chain

D) Oxidative phosphorylation

(A) Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, generating some ATP and NADH in the process.

Which metabolic pathway is also known as the citric acid cycle and takes place in the mitochondrial matrix?

A) Glycolysis

B) Krebs cycle

C) Electron transport chain

D) Beta-oxidation

(B) The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It is responsible for the further breakdown of pyruvate and the generation of NADH and FADH2, which feed into the electron transport chain.

During cellular respiration, where does the majority of ATP production occur?

A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle C) Electron transport chain D) Oxidative phosphorylation

The majority of ATP production during cellular respiration occurs in (D) oxidative phosphorylation, which is part of the electron transport chain. This process involves the transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes, leading to the generation of ATP.

In which type of respiration does an organism use oxygen as the final electron acceptor?

A) Aerobic respiration

B) Anaerobic respiration

C) Fermentation

D) Glycolysis

(A) Aerobic respiration is the type of respiration where an organism uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)?

A) Carbon dioxide (CO2)

B) NADH

C) ATP

D) FADH2

(C) ATP is not a direct product of the Krebs cycle. Instead, ATP is generated in the later stages of cellular respiration, primarily during oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.

During which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen released as a byproduct?

A) Light-dependent reactions

B) Calvin cycle

C) Photorespiration

D) Glycolysis

A) Light-dependent reactions

Oxygen is released as a byproduct during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. In these reactions, water molecules are split (photolysis) to produce oxygen gas, protons (H+ ions), and electrons. The oxygen gas is released into the atmosphere as a result of this process.

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

A) Carbon fixation B) Light absorption C) ATP production D) Oxygen release

A) Carbon fixation, also known as the dark reactions or the light-independent reactions, is responsible for carbon fixation. During this phase, carbon dioxide is captured from the atmosphere and converted into organic molecules (e.g., glucose) with the help of ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions.

Which molecule serves as the primary energy carrier in photosynthesis, transferring energy from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle?

A) ATP

B) NADP+

C) Glucose

D) Carbon dioxide

A) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in photosynthesis. It is produced during the light-dependent reactions and carries the energy derived from light absorption to the Calvin cycle, where it is used to drive the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose. NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is involved in carrying electrons and protons during the light-dependent reactions.

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration occur in separate, specialized organelles; the two processes cannot occur in the same cell at the same time (True/False)

False

Location of light-dependant reaction is in the stroma (True/False)

Fasle

Light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and occur in the presence of sunlight.

Calvin Cycle occurs in light-independent reaction (True/False)

True

he Calvin cycle is a set of light-independent redox reactions that occur during photosynthesis and carbon fixation to convert carbon dioxide into the sugar glucose.

Photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose & cellular respiration involves the reduction of CO2 (True/False)

False

During photosynthesis, CO₂ is reduced to glucose, and H₂O is oxidized to release O₂. In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized, and oxygen is reduced to form CO₂ and water.

Plant have both mitochondrial and chloroplast ETC (True/False)

True

The Citric Acid Cycle occurs at

A. Mitochondria

B. Nucleus

C. Ribosomes

D. Cytosol

E. Mitochondria and Cytosol

The TCA cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, occurs in the (A) mitochondria and provides large amounts of energy in aerobic conditions by donating electrons to three NADH and one FADH

Glycolysis occurs at

A. Mitochondria

B. Nucleus

C. Ribosomes

D. Cytosol

E. Mitochondria and Cytosol

Glycolysis occurs in the (D) cytosol where one 6 carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to generate two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate.

At the end of glycolysis glucose is broken down into

A. NADPH

B. Acetyl-CoA

C. Lactate

D. Pyruvate & Energy

During glycolysis, glucose ultimately breaks down into (D) pyruvate and energy; a total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O). The hydroxyl groups allow for phosphorylation.

What substance is produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and feeds into the citric acid cycle?

A. Pyruvate

B. Glucose

C. Acetyl-CoA

D. CO2

E. O2

C. Acetyl-CoA

Conductivity is a property of _____ tissue.

A. Muscle

B. Nervous

C. Epithelial

D. Connective

B. Nervous

Type of connective tissue, EXCEPT

A. Adipose

B. Cartilage

C. Cardiac

D. Bone

E. Blood

C. Cardiac

Contractility is a property of _____ tissue.

A. Muscle

B. Nervous

C. Epithelial

D. Connective

A. Muscle

Statement(s) that are true about osmosis

A. water follow the salt

B. salt follow the water

C. all are correct

D. all are wrong

A. water follow the salt

If you split a beaker of water into two halves with a semi permeable membrane and added salt to one side, water would move from the side of the beaker with no salt into the salty side.

This/These statement(s) is/are correct about osmosis

A. high concentration of solvent toward low concentration of solvent

B.high concentration of solute toward low concentration of solute

C. all right

D. all wrong

A. high concentration of solvent toward low concentration of solvent

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

Correct sequence of cellular respiration

A. Glycolysis > Oxidative Phosphorylation > Citric Acid Cycle

B. Glycolysis > Citric Acid Cycle > Oxidative Phosphorylation

C. Citric Acid Cycle > Oxidative Phosphorylation > Glycolysis

D. Oxidative Phosphorylation > Glycolysis > Citric Acid Cycle

E. Oxidative Phosphorylation > Citric Acid Cycle > Glycolysis

B. Glycolysis > Citric Acid Cycle > Oxidative Phosphorylation