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Learning
The process of acquiring relatively enduring information or behaviors.
Habituation
An organism’s decreasing responses to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together. This may be 2 stimuli, or a response and its conditions.
Classical conditioning
Learning to associate 2 stimuli and anticipate events.
Operant conditioning
Learning to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence. Thus, we learn to repeat acts followed by good results. ,
Ivan Palvov
Classical conditioning, Palvov’s bell/dog experiment.
John Watson
Classical conditioning, Little Albert.
Behaviorism
States that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Neutral stimulus
Elicits no response before conditioning.
Unconditioned reponse
Naturally occurring response to a naturally occuring stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
Conditioned response
Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus
Originally irrelevant stimulus that after conditioning now triggers a conditioned response.
Acquisition
The initial stage that one links neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus to be triggered and linked. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of reinforced response.
Higher-order conditioning
When a CS in a conditional experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second weaker response.
Extinction
Diminished CR after a US does not follow a CS.
Spontaneous recovery
The reapperence of an extinguished conditional response after a pause.
Generalization
Tendency to respond to similar stimuli to the CS.
Discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and another stimuli that does not trigger unconditional stimulus.
Palvov’s legacy
Revealed the idea that stimuli can be classically conditioned in many organisms, showed us how learning could be studied objectively.
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning, elaborated on Thorndike’s law of effect, famous for his box.
Operant chamber/Skinner’s box
A chamber containing a bar or key that animals can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer. Attached device records animals’ clicking.
Reinforcer
Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
Shaping
Operant conditioning procedure where reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of desired behavior.
Discriminative stimulus
A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement.
Primary reinforcers
Innately reinforcing reinforcers, such as ones that satisfy a biological need (IE: food and water).
Secondary/conditioned reinforcers
Gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. Such as money, good grades, etc.
Reinforcement schedule
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. Best choice for mastering a behavior, but extinction is fast— but also spontaneous recovery.
Partial/intermittent reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time. Results in slower acquisition but much greater resistance to extinction.
Fixed ratio schedule
Reinforcement schedule that reinforces behavior only after a specified number of responses.
Variable ratio schedules
Provides reinforcers with a response after an unpredictable amount of responses.
Fixed interval schedule.
Reinforces a response only after a certain time has elapsed.
Variable interval schedule
Reinforc
Punishment
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Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
BIofeedback
System for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a physical state such as blood pressure or muscle tension.
John Garcia
Highly original pioneering research on conditioning and learning. Rats and taste aversion.
Biological constraints
Predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.
Instinctive drift
Reverting back to biologically predisposed patterns.
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Insight
Sudden realization of a problem’s solution.
Observational learning
Also called social learning.