biomechanics final exam (material from first exam)-Phillips

what is the term for the study of motion or human movement?

kinesiology

what is the term for the study of the human musculoskeletal system and musculotendinous system?

anatomical

what is the term for the study of motion or human movement?

kinesiology

what is the term for the study of the human musculoskeletal system and musculotendinous system?

anatomical

what is the term for the study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement (both skeletal and muscular structures are involved)?

structural

what is the term for the application of mechanical physics to human motion?

biomechanics

what is the basis from which to describe joint movements?

reference positions

what is the anatomical position?

-head, gaze of eyes, and toes are directly anteriorly (forward)

-arms to the side with palms facing forward

-lower legs are close together, feet parallel, and toes are directed anteriorly (forward)

what is a level, flat surface, that is often imaginary?

plane

what is the point or line about which something rotates?

axis

what are the three primary planes of motion?

sagittal, frontal, and horizontal (transverse) plane, cardinal

which primary plane of motion passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into left and right? what is a movement that occurs primarily in this plane?

sagittal plane; flexion and extension

which primary plane of motions divides the body into anterior and posterior? what is a movement that occurs primarily in this plane?

frontal; abduction and adduction

which primary plane of motion divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)? what is a movement that occurs primarily in this plane?

horizontal (transverse); pronation and supination or horizontal flexion/extension

which plane of motion divides the body into equal halves?

cardinal plane

which anatomical term described to position of something relative to a surface or other structure as being closer to the surface?

superficial

which anatomical term described to position of something relative to a surface or other structure as being in between two structures?

intermediate

which anatomical term described to position of something relative to a surface or other structure as being farthest away from the surface?

deep

which anatomical term describes something being closer to the median plane?

medial

which anatomical term describes something being farther away from the median plane?

lateral

which anatomical term describes something being closer to the center of an object (inside)?

internal

which anatomical term describes something being farther away from the center of an object?

external

which anatomical term describes something being on the back surface of the body?

posterior (dorsal)

which anatomical term describes something being on the front surface of the body?

anterior (ventral)

which anatomical term is used in describing the brain and is the nearer anterior part of the head?

rostral

which anatomical term describes something being nearer to the sole of the foot?

inferior

which anatomical term describes something being nearer to the top of the cranium?

superior

which anatomical term describes something being towards the tail region?

caudal

which anatomical term describes being towards the head?

cranial

which anatomical term describes being nearer to the attachment of a limb or central aspect of a linear structure?

proximal

which anatomical term describes being farther from the attachment of a limb or central aspect of a linear structure?

distal

which anatomical term means occurring on one side?

unilateral

which anatomical term means having right and left members?

bilateral

which anatomical term means occurring on the same side?

ipsilateral

which anatomical term means occurring on opposite sides of the body?

contralateral

which movement can be described as decreasing the angle at a joint?

flexion

which movement can be described as increasing the angle at a joint?

extension

which movement can be described as flexion toward the top of the foot?

dorsiflexion

which movement can be described as flexion toward the bottom of the foot?

plantar flexion

which movement can be described as movement toward the median plane?

adduction

which movement can be described as movement away from the median plane?

abduction

which movement can be described as distal end circular movement?

circumduction

what can be described as the muscles used for purposeful movement?

the agonist muscles

what can be described as the muscles that work in opposition to the muscles used in purposeful movement?

the antagonist movement

what is the term for movement revolving around the longitudinal axis?

rotation

what is the term for rotation toward the median plane

medial/internal rotation

what is the term for rotation away from the median line?

lateral/external rotation

what is the anatomical term for when the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and the dorsum (back of the hand) faces anteriorly?

pronation

what is the anatomical term for when the palm of the hand faces anteriorly and the dorsum (back of the hand) faces posteriorly?

supination

what is the term for movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane?

eversion/foot abduction

what is the term for movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane?

inversion/foot adduction

what is the term for movement superiorly?

elevation

what is the term for movement inferiorly?

depression

what is the movement of the first digit (thumb) to another digit?

opposition

what is the movement from opposition back to anatomical position?

reposition

what is the term for movement forward of the chin, lips, and tongue?

protrusion

what is the term for movement backward of the chin, lips, and tongue?

retrusion

what is the term for the anterior movement of the shoulder?

protraction

what is the term for the posterior movement of the shoulder?

retraction

what are some examples of combined anatomical terms?

inferomedial and superolateral

what does the skeletal frame provide?

support and protection

what is a first class lever?

the fulcrum is in between the effort (force) and the load (resistance)

what is a second class lever?

the load (resistance) is in between the fulcrum and the effort (force)

what is a third class lever?

the effort (force) is in between the load (resistance) and the fulcrum

what are the components of bone composition?

-calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

-collagen protein

-water

what amount of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate makes up bones? what is the purpose of this component?

-60-70%

-it provides rigidity and compressive strength

what is the purpose of collagen in bone?

to provide flexibility and tensile strength

what amount of water that makes up bone weight? what is the purpose of this component?

-25-30%

-contributes to strength

what are the two types of bone in the body?

cortical and trabecular bone

which type of bone makes up 5-30% of bone volume non-mineralized tissue, is referred to as "compact bone", and makes up as much as 80% of skeletal mass?

cortical bone

which type of bone makes up 30-90% of bone volume non-mineralized tissue and has vertical and horizontal bars for cells (pores) that are filled with marrow and fat?

trabecular bone

what is the ability to resist a squeezing force?

compressive strength

what is the ability to resist a stretching force?

tensile strength

what is the distribution of force divided by the area over which the force acts?

stress

what is the amount of deformation divided by original length of the structure?

strian

which type of bone can withstand more stress but not as much strain?

cortical bone

which type of bone can withstand more strain but not as much stress?

trabecular bone (it can move in more directions because of the pores)

what is the term that describes how bones have different mechanical properties in response to loads from different directions?

anisotropic

which type of force are bones strongest against?

compression force

which type of force are bones the weakest against?

sheer force

what are the two parts of the skeleton?

axial and appendicular

which part of the skeleton contains the center and the skull?

axial skeleton

which part of the skeleton contains the limbs, pelvic girdle, and shoulder girdle?

appendicular skeleton

what are the four types of bones?

short, flat, irregular, long

what is an example of a short bone?

carpals and tarsals

what is an example of a flat bone?

sternum, scapula

what is an example of an irregular bone?

vertebrae and facial bones

what is an example of a long bone?

humerus, femur

what are the two types of how bones grow?

longitudinal and appositional growth

what is longitudinal bone growth?

increase in length

what is appositional bone growth?

increase in width

true or false:

appositional growth is accomplished when the inner layer of periosteum (osteoblasts) build new concentric layers of bone

true

which cells form bone?

osteoblasts

which cells reabsorb bone?

osteoclasts

how does bone change in adults?

loss of collagen (makes bones more brittle), loss of bone density (especially in post-menopausal women), loss in both structure and strength of trabecular bone

which type of bone is most affected with age?

trabecular bone

true or false:

during the aging process, the loss of collagen results in bone becoming more brittle

true

true or false:

research suggests that activities involving impact force is necessary to increase bone mass

true

what percentage of trabecular bone is remodeled each year?

25%

what happens to bones in response to stress (generally)?

bone hypertrophy

what does a greater load on the bones habitually cause?

an increase in bone density

what ratio of post-menopausal women are at risk for fractures due to osteoporosis?

1/2 of all post-menopausal women (due to changes in estrogen and progesterone