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What is the purpose of using 4 sided collimation?
To reduce radiation exposure and improve image quality.
For optimal positioning, which axis of the part should align with the long axis of the IR?
The long axis of the part being imaged.
What is the standard source-to-image distance (SID) recommended?
40 SID.
What is the definition of a dislocation?
Displacement from joint.
What does a subluxation refer to?
Partial dislocation.
Define a sprain.
Rupture or tearing of connective tissue.
What is a contusion?
A bruise.
What is the meaning of a simple fracture?
A closed fracture.
What characterizes a compound fracture?
An open fracture that breaks through the skin.
Explain a comminuted fracture.
A fracture that is splintered or crushed.
Describe an impacted fracture.
Fragments that are driven into each other.
For a PA finger, where is the central ray (CR) directed?
CR to PIP.
What should be demonstrated in a PA finger projection?
Entire finger and minimum of 1/3 of MCP.
What indicates no rotation of phalanges in a PA finger projection?
Alignment of the phalanges without overlap.
In a PA oblique finger positioning, how is the digit positioned?
Digit parallel to IR.
For the PA oblique finger projection, what should be open?
IP and MCP joints.
Where does the CR aim for a lateral finger projection?
CR to PIP.
What should be demonstrated in a lateral finger projection?
Entire phalanx and MCP joint.
What is a key characteristic of a lateral finger view?
Concavity on the anterior side.
Where is the CR directed for an AP thumb?
CR to first MCP joint.
What must be demonstrated in an AP thumb projection?
Entire thumb including first CMC joint.
What is the CR angle for the Modified Robert’s Method?
15 degrees proximal to the first CMC joint.
What must be visualized clearly in the Modified Robert’s Method?
Base of first metacarpal and trapezium.
What is the purpose of the PA Stress (Folio Method)?
To assess possible ulnar collateral ligament injury.
Where is the CR directed in a PA hand projection?
CR to third MCP joint.
What should be demonstrated in a PA hand projection?
Entire hand and carpal area.
In a PA oblique hand projection, how should the digits be positioned?
Digits should be parallel to IR.
What indicates adequate separation of phalanges and metacarpals?
Small space between digits 5-3 and larger space between digits 2-3.
Where is the CR aimed in a “Fan” lateral hand projection?
CR to second MCP joint.
What is the positioning requirement in a “Fan” lateral hand?
Fingers must be equally separated.
What should not overlap in the Norgaard Method?
Midshafts of 2nd and 5th metacarpals and base of phalanges.
Where is the CR positioned in the Norgaard Method?
Level of 5th MCP joint.
What is the CR placement for a PA wrist projection?
CR to midcarpal area.
What should be demonstrated in a PA wrist projection?
About 1 inch of distal radius, ulna, and carpals.
What is shown in a PA oblique wrist projection?
Distal radius, ulna, and carpals.
What is the specific view for trapezium in a PA oblique wrist?
Trapezium seen in its entirety.
What position yields a ‘fan’ lateral of the hand?
Fingers must be positioned to avoid superimposition.
What injury does the PA Stress (Folio Method) typically evaluate?
Ulnar collateral ligament injury.
Which joints should be open in a PA oblique finger projection?
IP and MCP joints.
For positioning, what must be clearly demonstrated in the PA hand?
Entire hand and carpal demonstrated.
What is a essential factor in imaging techniques?
Proper alignment of the body part to the IR.
How is the CR directed to achieve correct imaging of the thumb?
Perpendicular to the first MCP joint.
What factors contribute to a successful imaging technique?
Proper positioning, CR placement, and appropriate collimation.
Why is it important to include markers and patient ID in imaging?
To ensure proper identification and documentation in imaging records.
What anatomical areas should be visible in finger projections?
Entire digit and relevant joint spaces.
Describe the technique for trauma imaging of fingers.
Use long axis alignment and minimize rotation.
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