1/79
an ever-growing flashcard deck with definitions from the textbook "Human Geography for the AP Course"
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
city
a relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; these serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions
urban
relating to a city
agricultural surplus
crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people that the farmer and his family
socioeconomic stratification
the structuring of a society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people
first urban revolution
the agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest ciites
urban hearth areas
regions in which the world’s first cities evolved
site
an absolute location of a place on Earth
situation
the relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or it’s regional position with reference to other places
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than owned and run by the state
communism
an economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed
streetcar suburbs
a settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily
second urban revolution
period that brought improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce that began in the late 1600s and continued through the 1930s
redevelopment
a set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times
metropolis
a very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region
urban area
any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people (according to the US census)
metropolitan statistical area
in the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area at its core
micropolitan statistical area
in the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people at its cores
suburbs
a populated area on the outskirts of a city
sprawl
the tendency of cities to grow in an unchecked manneroften leading to urban expansion into rural areas.
automobile cities
cities whose shape and size are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership
decentralize
in an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs
edge city
a concentration of businesses, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city’s traditional downtown or central business district
boomburg
a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government
infill development
the building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already developed areas
exurb
a semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families
world city
a world center for trade, finance, information, and migration
gated community
privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it
urban hierarchy
a ranking of cities with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy
rank-size rule
“the population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy”
primate city
a city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country’s economic, political, and cultural life
central place theory
a model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are
central place
a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers
threshold
in central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses
range
in central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good
gravity model
the idea that the close two places are, the more they will influence each other
concentric zone model
a model of a city’s internal organization developed by EQ Burgess that shows rings of factory productions and different residential zones radiating outwards from a central business district
hoyt model (sector model)
a model of a city’s internal organization, developed bt Homer Hoyt, tyat focuses on communication and transportation as the drivers of a city’s layout
multiple nuclei model
a model of a city’s internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around central nodes/nuclei rather than one central business district
galactic city model (peripheral)
a model of a city’s internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs
bid-rent theory
explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases
latin america model
a model of the internal structure of the Latin American city developed by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford
gentrification
the displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves
southeast asian city model
model developed by Terrance Garry McGee explaining high-class residential areas are in inner city areas and in suburbs, and low-income areas are in periphery
percieved density
the general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area
zoning regulations
laws that dictate how land can be used
fiscal squeeze
occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure
built environment
the human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis
smart growth
policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation
compact design
development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)
diverse housing options
policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood
new urbanism
an approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types of and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation
greenbelt
a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas
zoning
the classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development
slow-growth city
a city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl
de facto segregation
racial segregation that is not supported by law, but is still prevalent
qualitative data
data representing info and concepts that can’t be depicted by numbers
quantitative data
data representing information that is expressed with numbers
mortgage
a loan that is taken out to purchase a home
redlining
the practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods
blockbusting
a practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in
white flight
the mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs
affordability
the maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or even an apartment
housing choice voucher program
a federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, safe, and sanitary housing
environmental injustice
when poor or marginalized communities are harmed by hazardous waste, resource extraction, and other land uses for which they do not benefit
environmental justice
the movement to fix environmental discrimination
environmental racism
occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination
squatter settlement
an area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing
land tenure
the right to own/hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed
inclusionary zoning (housing)
municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low- to moderate- incomes
exclusionary zoning (housing)
zoning that attempts to keep low- and moderate- income people out of a neighborhood
NIMBYs
abbreviation for “not in my backyard”; term for a person who tries to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood
urban renewal
large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and doler inner-city neighborhoods
fiscal zoning
the practice of using local land-use regulations to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base
ecological footprint
the total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment
urban heat island
a mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city
urban risk divide
the ideas that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world’s population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities
brownfield
a property whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants
farmland protection policy act
US law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland
scattered developments
subdivisions of developments that do not abut existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production
fiscal
relating to government revenue, especially taxes