Unit 6 - AP Human Geography Vocabulary

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/79

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

an ever-growing flashcard deck with definitions from the textbook "Human Geography for the AP Course"

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

80 Terms

1
New cards

city

a relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; these serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions

2
New cards

urban

relating to a city

3
New cards

agricultural surplus

crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people that the farmer and his family

4
New cards

socioeconomic stratification

the structuring of a society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people

5
New cards

first urban revolution

the agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest ciites

6
New cards

urban hearth areas

regions in which the world’s first cities evolved

7
New cards

site

an absolute location of a place on Earth

8
New cards

situation

the relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or it’s regional position with reference to other places

9
New cards

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than owned and run by the state

10
New cards

communism

an economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed

11
New cards

streetcar suburbs

a settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily

12
New cards

second urban revolution

period that brought improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce that began in the late 1600s and continued through the 1930s

13
New cards

redevelopment

a set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times

14
New cards

metropolis

a very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region

15
New cards

urban area

any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people (according to the US census)

16
New cards

metropolitan statistical area

in the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area at its core

17
New cards

micropolitan statistical area

in the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people at its cores

18
New cards

suburbs

a populated area on the outskirts of a city

19
New cards

sprawl

the tendency of cities to grow in an unchecked manneroften leading to urban expansion into rural areas.

20
New cards

automobile cities

cities whose shape and size are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership

21
New cards

decentralize

in an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs

22
New cards

edge city

a concentration of businesses, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city’s traditional downtown or central business district

23
New cards

boomburg

a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government

24
New cards

infill development

the building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already developed areas

25
New cards

exurb

a semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families

26
New cards

world city

a world center for trade, finance, information, and migration

27
New cards

gated community

privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it

28
New cards

urban hierarchy

a ranking of cities with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy

29
New cards

rank-size rule

“the population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy”

30
New cards

primate city

a city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country’s economic, political, and cultural life

31
New cards

central place theory

a model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are

32
New cards

central place

a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers

33
New cards

threshold

in central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses

34
New cards

range

in central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good

35
New cards

gravity model

the idea that the close two places are, the more they will influence each other

36
New cards

concentric zone model

a model of a city’s internal organization developed by EQ Burgess that shows rings of factory productions and different residential zones radiating outwards from a central business district

37
New cards

hoyt model (sector model)

a model of a city’s internal organization, developed bt Homer Hoyt, tyat focuses on communication and transportation as the drivers of a city’s layout

38
New cards

multiple nuclei model

a model of a city’s internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around central nodes/nuclei rather than one central business district

39
New cards

galactic city model (peripheral)

a model of a city’s internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs

40
New cards

bid-rent theory

explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases

41
New cards

latin america model

a model of the internal structure of the Latin American city developed by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford

42
New cards

gentrification

the displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves

43
New cards

southeast asian city model

model developed by Terrance Garry McGee explaining high-class residential areas are in inner city areas and in suburbs, and low-income areas are in periphery

44
New cards

percieved density

the general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area

45
New cards

zoning regulations

laws that dictate how land can be used

46
New cards

fiscal squeeze

occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure

47
New cards

built environment

the human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis

48
New cards

smart growth

policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation

49
New cards

compact design

development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)

50
New cards

diverse housing options

policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood

51
New cards

new urbanism

an approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types of and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation

52
New cards

greenbelt

a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas

53
New cards

zoning

the classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development

54
New cards

slow-growth city

a city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl

55
New cards

de facto segregation

racial segregation that is not supported by law, but is still prevalent

56
New cards

qualitative data

data representing info and concepts that can’t be depicted by numbers

57
New cards

quantitative data

data representing information that is expressed with numbers

58
New cards

mortgage

a loan that is taken out to purchase a home

59
New cards

redlining

the practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods

60
New cards

blockbusting

a practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in

61
New cards

white flight

the mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs

62
New cards

affordability

the maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or even an apartment

63
New cards

housing choice voucher program

a federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, safe, and sanitary housing

64
New cards

environmental injustice

when poor or marginalized communities are harmed by hazardous waste, resource extraction, and other land uses for which they do not benefit

65
New cards

environmental justice

the movement to fix environmental discrimination

66
New cards

environmental racism

occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination

67
New cards

squatter settlement

an area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing

68
New cards

land tenure

the right to own/hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed

69
New cards

inclusionary zoning (housing)

municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low- to moderate- incomes

70
New cards

exclusionary zoning (housing)

zoning that attempts to keep low- and moderate- income people out of a neighborhood

71
New cards

NIMBYs

abbreviation for “not in my backyard”; term for a person who tries to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood

72
New cards

urban renewal

large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and doler inner-city neighborhoods

73
New cards

fiscal zoning

the practice of using local land-use regulations to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base

74
New cards

ecological footprint

the total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment

75
New cards

urban heat island

a mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city

76
New cards

urban risk divide

the ideas that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world’s population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities

77
New cards

brownfield

a property whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants

78
New cards

farmland protection policy act

US law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland

79
New cards

scattered developments

subdivisions of developments that do not abut existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production

80
New cards

fiscal

relating to government revenue, especially taxes