ap bio unit 2

cell functions

cell theory

all living things are composed of one or more cells

a cell is the basic unit of life

all cells come from an ancestral cell 

prokaryotic cells

lack internal membranes, a nucleus, and membrane bound organelles

DNA is in an unbound Nucleoid region, cytoplasm is bound by plasma membrane 

archea and bacteria

prokaryotic domains of life 

eukaryotic cells

has internal membranes,membrane bound organelles, nucleus 

has DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a nuclear envelope

larger than prokaryotic cells 

eukarya 

eukaryotic 

fungi,plants 

plasma membrane

provides a lipid boundary for the cell’s contents, separating the cell from its environment 

cytosol

semifluid gel that fills the cell and is the site of many metabolic chemical reactions

chromosomes

lengths of DNA that contains genes (codes for proteins)

ribosomes

small parts responsible for protein synthesis based on mRNA

composed of rRNA and proteins all cells have ribosomes

plasma membrane

selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to surface

whyis the inside of bilayer nonpolar

allows small nonpolar molecules to pass through the cell

which cells have a greater SA:V ratio

small cells

rough ER

has ribosomes on its surface and helps compartmentalize the cell

smooth ER

cellular detoxification and lipid synthesis

golgi complex

series of membrane sacs, modifies newly-made proteins and packages them for distribution 

mitochondria

has double membrane, outer is smooth, inner is highly folded

lysosomes

membrane sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

digest materials inside of vacuoles

recycles materials and old organelles 

initiates apoptosis

vacuoles

membrane-bound sacs used for mostly storage

chloroplats

found in algae and plants, preform photosynthesis 

contains thylakoids

mitochondria double membrane

allows for improved efficiency in cellular respiration

move metabolic reactions into compartments

cellular respiration

transfers chemical energy of organic compounds into useable energy for the cell- ATP

inner mitochondria membrane

cellular respiration

outer mitochondria membrane

provides space for membrane bound organelles

thylakoids

stacks of sacs within the chloroplasts

the site for light-dependant photosynthesis reactions 

grana

stacks of thylakoids

stroma

the fluid that fills chloroplasts

cristae

a fold on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

provides surface area for chemical reactions to occur 

matrix

fluid in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

holds enzymes, DNA, ribosomes

intermembrane space

space between the inner and outer membrane space

apoptosis

programmed cellular death

endomembrane system

network of membranes inside eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins 

endomembrane system organelles

nuclear envelope, rough & smooth ER, golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, plasma membrane 

cell membrane

fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins

peripheral proteins

proteins on the cell membrane’s exterior and interior surface

integral proteins

penetrate the cell membrane, help transport

transmembrane proteins 

pass completely through the phospholipid bilayer 

steroids 

help membrane fluidity

more steroids=more fluidity 

glycoproteins

help cellular identification

cytoskeleton

structural framework made of proteins that helps the cell keep its shape, hold organelles in place, network for trafficking

selective permeability

cell membrane’s ability to regulate the molecules that are able to pass in and out of the intracellular environment

molecules that can easy pass through the membrane 

small and nonpolar molecules

molecules that are unlikely to pass through the membrane 

polar/charged molecules

transport protein 

help large proteins cross the membrane 

osmotic lysis

when a cell absorbs water and breaks open

bacterial walls

made of peptidoglycan

provide shape and protection

archea walls

mode of polysaccharides or proteins and adapted for extreme environments

fungi walls

mode of chitin, provides rigidity and resistance to osmotic pressure

plants

made of cellulose, structural support and control of water movement