Biology 2

What is photosynthesis?

The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food

What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light -> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6O2

Why do most leaves appear green?

Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light.

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?

Sunlight

What are chloroplasts?

Membrane-bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plants

Where are chloroplasts found?

plant cells

What are the two main functions of chloroplasts?

To produce glucose and food energy

What is the first pigment in chloroplast?

What is the antenna complex?

the part of a photosystem that contains the pigment molecules

How does the amount of energy in light change as the wavelength increases?

Which colors of light are most effective for photosynthesis? Explain why.

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

What is in the PS1 reaction center?

Chlorophyll A

What is in the PS2 reaction center?

Chlorophyll A

What is the first stage of photosynthesis?

light dependent reactions

What is the second stage of photosynthesis?

Calvin Cycle

Where is the electron transport chain located?

mitochondria

In which part of the chloroplast does calvin cycle occur?

Stroma

Which part of the chloroplast does Light dependent reaction occur?

Thykaloid Membrane

What ion is pumped into the Thylakoid Space?

Hydrogen

What happens to water molecules in the light reactions?

split to give electrons, H+ ions, and oxygen gas (O2)

What photosynthesis waste product is formed in the light reactions?

Oxygen

What two products of the light reactions are used up in the calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

What happens to carbon dioxide molecules in the Calvin Cycle reactions?

Turned into glucose

How can cells store the sugar that is produced in photosynthesis?

Starch

What is metabolism?

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

What is energy?

the ability to do work

What reactions release energy?

Kinetic

Which reactions consume energy?

Potential

Which reactions build up larger molecules?

Potential

Which reactions break down molecules?

Kinetic

Which reactions are considered "Uphill"?

anabolic

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

endothermic

What type of reaction is cellular respiration?

catabolic

What type of reactions require enzymes to catalyze reactions?

Which type of energy does water behind a dam have?

potential

Is cellular respiration a potential or kinetic reaction?

Kinetic

Is photosynthesis potential or kinetic?

Potential

What type of energy drives photosynthesis?

Light

What is a catalyst?

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

What is activation energy?

energy needed to start a reaction

What effect does an enzyme have on Activation energy?

Lowers the activation level

For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?

The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy

Which of the following is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy?

A food molecule

Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP

An RNA nucleotide

When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?

It can only be used to regenerate more atp

How is ATP like a rechargeable battery?

when it loses a phosphate it can add another

Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's

Activation energy

A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars because

The activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted

Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction

Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n)

Cofactor necessary for enzyme activity

Lacose+lactase+water-> lactase+glucose+fructose what is the enzyme?

Lactase

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where are enzymes located in the electron transport chain?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

a 6 carbon molecule that is produced first when acetyl-CoA joins with a 4 carbon molecule to enter the Krebs cycle

Citric Acid

What is the process of splitting a glucose molecule into ___ pyruvic acid molecules

Glycolysis, two

the molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy

ATP

Glycolysis happens in the

cytoplasm

happens when oxygen is present and includes glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport.

cellular respiration

What is the process that requires oxygen?

aerobic process

The atmospheric gas required for aerobic respiration?

Oxygen Gas

process that does not require oxygen

anaerobic

type of fermentation used by human muscles in low oxygen conditions and microorganisms to make yogurt, cheese, pickles, sauerkraut and kimchi

Lactic acid

breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP

Cictric acid cycle

The NADH and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle pass their electrons down the __ chain to produce ATP

Electron transport

The passage of H+ ions through _____ causes it to spin and produce ATP

ATP synthase

this three carbon molecule is produced with glucose splits in half

Pyruvates

Cell organelle which acts as the cell's power plant to burn glucose and store energy as ATP

Mitochondria

If oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by

Fermentation

type of fermentation used to make bread dough rise and produce beer and wine

Alcoholic Fermentation

This molecule has the formula C6H12O6 and is split in half during glycolysis

Glucose 18

The carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up as _____ in the atmosphere following the Krebs Cycle

CO2

The folded inner membranes inside a mitochondrion are called

Cristae

this molecule reacts with pyruvic acid to release CO2, produce NADH, and acetyl-CoA

forms when Coenzyme A attaches to two carbons from pyruvic acid

Acetyl CoA

Storage form of glucose in animals

glycogen

The are inside the cristae where the Krebs cycle happens

The Matrix

packet of solar energy

photon

energy-capturing portion of photosynthesis that takes place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cannot proceed without solar energy, it produces ATP and NADPH

Light dependent reaction

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

large, central compartment in a chloroplast that is fluid filled and contains enzymes used in photosynthesis

Stroma

membrane bounded organelles with chlorophyll

Chloroplast

Photosynthetic unit where solar energy is absorbed and high energy electrons are generated

Photosystem

Passage of electrons along a series of carrier molecules form a higher to a lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

process usually occurring within chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll traps solar energy and carbon dioxide is reduced to a carbohydrate

Photosynthesis

Synthesis portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does not directly require solar energy; it uses the products of the light dependent reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

Calvin Cycle

What is an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food

What is a heterotroph?

An organism that cannot make its own food.

What is NADPH?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

What is NADP+? What does it do?

it is an electron carrier molecule. the conversion from NADP+ and NADPH is one way the energy of the sunlight can be trapped in a chemical form

Gas exchange is necessary for photosynthesis how does carbon dioxide gas get in and oxygen gas get out of the leaves?

Through the pores (Stromata)

What layers of cells in the leaf perform photosynthesis?

The palisade mesophyll

What are the reactants of Light Dependent reaction?

Sunlight and H2O

What are the products of Light dependent reaction?

ATP, NADPH, O2

What are the reactants of Carbon Fixation Reaction?

RuBP

What are the products of Carbon fixation reaction?

CO2 and 3PG

Where does carbon fixation occur?

stroma