APUSH midterm

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

plantation-based agriculture

With the Portuguese discovery of slave trafficking in West Africa their thirst for slaves became greater. Slaves were used to farm large-scale commercial agriculture known as plantations

Native American Societies prior to 1492

- Native American societies were diverse, people lived in all parts of America. Different tribes had different Religions and hunted differently or planted crops differently. The most densely populated Native American societies were in Mexico and South America. They practiced three sister farming.

- Focused around interactions with environment and structured around people's abilities

Spanish Exploration

Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god

Spanish Colonization

Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions.

Spanish Empire in the New World

Caribbean islands, most of South America, most of central America, Florida, California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas

Encomienda System

Allowed the government to "commend" Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them. It really was slavery.

Pueblo Revolt

1680, revolt of indigenous laborers led by shaman named Pope'. killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years

French Colonization

First permanent settlement was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec. French primarily looking for furs and converts to Catholicism. The French viewed Indians as potential economic and military allies maintained good relations with Natives. Frontier of Inclusion.

English Colonization

Initiated in Virginia and spread many companies such as the Virginia Company of Plymouth. The English sometimes worked peacefully with Native Americans to exchange goods and ideas, but often their cultures clashed

Joint-Stock Companies

Businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

Dutch Colonization

Created the colony of New Amsterdam, Dutch wanted it for gold, furs and other resources, English eventually drove them out and renamed the place New York.

Chesapeake Colonies (Virginia and Maryland)

In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. Focused substantially on farming and eventually tobacco.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

British Southern Colonies (Georgia and the Carolinas)

Largely focused on cash crops

British West Indies

The British island off the coast of Florida that the colonies trade with for sugar, rum and molasse

New England Colonies

The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. (Largely Religious)

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Evangelicalism

A strain of protestantism that stresses the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, personal conversion experiences, Scripture as the sole basis for faith, and active evangelism (the winning of personal commitments to Christ).

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Following the French and Indian War the British End

Salutary Neglect, as they begin to start taxing the colonists

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source.

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607 - 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts - Initially, the settlers spent too much time trying to find gold and neglected to prepare for the winter. The "Starving Time" of 1609-10 saw 80% of the settlers die. Only after several more shipments of immigrants and the widespread adoption of TOBACCO cultivation did the colony begin to thrive.

Primary motivation for European imperialism

Money

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Currency Act

1764 British act forbidding the American colonies to issue paper money as legal tender

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partly due to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses.

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Articles of Confederation

- They set up a very weak government. This was not by accident, but by plan. The reason a weak government was desired was simply to avoid a strong national government that would take away unalienable rights or abuse their power

Articles of Confederation

- States competed with one another for foreign trade. The federal government was helpless.

Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

First Congressional Congress

- In 1774, delegates from each of the 13 colonies except for Georgia, met in Philadelphia as the First Continental Congress to organize colonial resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts.

Shot Heard Round the World

- The first shot fired of the Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord when a group of armed minutemen confronted a British column.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Second Continental Congress

- Met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, with no real intention of independence, but merely a desire to continue fighting in the hope that the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances. 1. It sent another list of grievances to Parliament. 2. It also adopted measures to raise money for an army and a navy. 3. It also selected George Washington to command the army.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Indentured Servants

Primarily labor source of Jamestown and the early colonies

People who came to Virginia

Primogeniture kids, adventurers, get rich quick hopefuls (mostly men)

People who came to Massachusetts

Mostly Religious people fleeing persecution

The Spanish lived

amongst the Native Americans

As a result of the French and Indian War

The British take the French territory (up to the Mississippi River)

First direct tax on colonists

Stamp Act

Saratoga

Turning point of the war (convinces France that America is worthy of their alliance).

Critical Period

1780s, time when the United States was in jeopardy of falling apart

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles

Shay's Rebellion led to the

Constitutional Convention

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution. (originally met to change the articles of Confederation, however, it led to an overthrow of the government and the creation of the US Constitution)

Declaration of Independence

The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Designs the US Constitution

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Quazi War

Undeclared war at sea between the Americans and the French; France proposed new negotiations; signed by the two counties; in this agreement the United States gave up all claims against France for damages to American shipping, and in return, France released the United States from the treaty.

Adam's kept

Neutrality

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Hamiltonian Federalists

Well to do merchants, large planters, investors, concentrated in urban areas. Supremacy of natl govt. Broad interpretation of the Constitution. Criticized as pro-ENG. Favored commercial/ind development.

Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans

One of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong States's rights.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence.

Era of Good Feeling (1820-24)

- Period during the second term of President James Monroe; Federalist Party had vanished; only one national political party (Democrat), a strong economy, little partisan strife in the country

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.

As cotton becomes king in the 1820's, political power moves

South and West

In 1808 Congress outlawed

the importation of slaves

In the 1820's white men get

suffrage

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson

The Jeffersonian democrats split and the side...

who supports Jackson becomes the Democratic party

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River (Trail Of Tears)

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Jackson kills the

Second National bank

During Adams term...

The alamo occurs, along with Texas's fight for independence

John Marshall

- He focused on EXPANSION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Gibbons v. Ogden

All interstate commerce is under federal control

McCulloch v. Maryland

- Federal government had power to tax and create a bank

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Fight for Womens Suffrage

Seneca Falls

Transcendentalism

(Emerson and Thoreau) A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Utopian Movements

Reformers in the aftermath of the Second Great Awakening sought to get away from authoritarian power structures. Brook Farm, New Harmony, the Shaker and Amana communities, and Oneida Colony are examples

Movements that spun off the Second Great Awakening

- Abolish Slavery

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the American experience was different or unique from others, and therefore America had a unique or special role in the world, such as a "city upon a hill."

James K Polk

(Manifest Destiny President) - Buys California, and grabs the Oregon Territory. (54 40 or fight)

Whig Party (1833-1856)

Formed in opposition to the policies of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party.

Henry Clay, Daniel Webster

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.