Chapter 9: Progressivism and the Jazz Age TEST Review

What was Black Nationalism? How did it differ from the NAACP?

NAACP fought to integrate and improve economics/politics of A-A. Black nat.: seperate from white society for A-A to achieve self-determination.

How did Marcus Garvey capture attention? What group did he found? What did he advocate for in America? What newspaper did he use?

Jamaican-born Garvey call to black nat./self-deter. “Negro Nationalism”. Founded UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), branches wroldwide for pride and unity. Booker T. Washington self-reliance + self-defense. Community control ans separation. Harlem: gain econ/politic power. Newspaper Negro World.

Marcus Garvey plan for separation + legal trouble

Leading A-A to Africa, Black Star Line for Black trade/migration; unsupported, but self-reliance appealing. Emerging middle-class (A-A) away; FBI saw UNIA as catalyst for A-A uprisings; mail fraud (‘23) and fed prison, deported Jamaica (‘27).

Who/How did Garvey inspire?

Mil A-A pride in heritage and hope; reemerged 1950 and 1960’s Malcolm X and Nation of Islam

African Blood Brotherhood: Where was it based, and who were prominently members? What did it argue for? What did it use to spread its message? What was another type of this document (not owned by them)?

Based in Harlem, but Carribean-immigrant big membership base. Argued for black nationalism and socialist policy. Used newspaper The Crusader. Also Chicago Whip.

Anti-Defamation League: What was it, and when did it form? Why did it form? How did they view the KKK?

Organization fighting the KKK; saw as risk to individual liberty. Formed 1913 to fight against attacks on Jewish citizens.

Credit: What caused it, and how did attitudes chnage towards it? What was commonly bought using credit? How did it become excessive?

Due to economic boom; available before 1920s but believed shameful. People wanting pay debts over time, accum. consumer debt. 75% of radios and 60% cars. Some bought on rate higher than income.

Tulsa, Oklahoma: the district, nickname?

Expanding job oppurtunities brought A-A in 1900s. Greenwood District one of the most prosperous A-A communities in US, nicknamed “Black Wall Street”. Resented: cultural and economic threat - whites.

Tulsa Race Massacre

May ‘21, published allegations that A-A man assualted white female elevator operator, surrounded courthouse with accused man. A-A feared lynching; came with guns. 2-day white rampage, 1400 buildings burned, 10000 homeless, Greenwood burned. Death toll 30-300; deadliest race massacre in US history.

CBS, NBC, and KDKA

‘28, (Columbia) CBS coast-to-coast network vs. NBC (Nat. Broadcasting Company). NBC daily broadcasts, with 700 stations ‘27. and KDKA (Pittsburgh, Nov. ‘20 Westinghouse Company broadcast Harding’s landslide election).

CBS and NBC programs

Sold ad time: hired musicians, actors, comedians from vaudeville, movies, nightclubs to bolster. 1st presidential election campaign radio - 1928, sold +$1 mil in time to parties.

Radios: sales in 20s

Sales $10.6 mil ‘21 to $411 mil ‘29, 12 mil radios across country.

Compulsory Education Laws and Child Labor

Fight against child labor in mines and factories; caused lasting health problems. Reform: max hours, minimum age, compulsory education instead of work.

Cooperative Individualism - who encouraged, what was it?

Secretary Commerce Herbert Hoover promote econ. grow; balance gov. reg with CI. Encourage businesses to form trade assoc. voluntary share info with fed. Reduce cost, promote econ. efficiency.

The Fundamentalist Belief of Creationism

Fundamentalists: literal interpret bible, defend Protestant faith against belief that humans derive morals from society/nature, not God. Reject evolution (scientific theory that human beings developed from lower forms of life over MYA), instead creationism: God created world (Bible).

Jazz

Harlem Renaissance. Music style from Dixieland influenced by ragtime with syncopated rhythms and improv. In New Orleans before Memphis, St. Louis, Chicago; Chicago and Cleveland resurge (Great Migration).

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Created by Congress 1914 to monitor business, investigate and issue “cease and desist” against businesses with unfair trade practices (gain at competitive cost). Did not want to break big businesses, just corrupt.

Henry Ford: company, model run, creation

Started Ford Motor Company with Model T (‘08-’27). Created mass production (large scale production with machine) through assembly line (progressive machines and people with one task).

Model T stats (Build time, costs); work week.

‘14: 93 minutes, ‘25: 10 seconds. ‘08: $850, ‘14: $490, ‘24: $295, millions sold. 1914: $5/day pay, 5 day work week.

Initiative and Referendum

Initiative: allowed citizens to introduce legislation and required legislature to vote on it (usually requiring enough petition signatures). Referendum: allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws directly (sometimes required).

Mass Media

Media reaching a wide audience. Newspapers, Instagram, Magazines, Movies, Radios, Tik Tok.

Labor Unions and the Antitrust Act, NAACP

Clayton Antitrust Act gave unions the right to exist, but prohibited price discrimination and unfair practice. Labor unions once rallied with NAACP to protest appointment of John J. Parker to Supreme Court. Contacted senators to also or lose support - lost appointment by small margin.

Trust Busting

Clayton Antitrust Act (‘14), outlawed restriction comp. like price discrim. Corrected Sherman (1890). Did not apply to agri/labor org.

Muckrakers (1st example), Acts?

Muckrakers: exposed corrupt conditions by getting up close. Upton Sinclar’s The Jungle on appalling meatpacking conditions disgusted consumers; passage Meat Inspection Act 1906, and same day Pure Food and Drug Act (no make/sale/ship impure, false ad).

Yellow Journalism

Sensational, exaggerated journalism

Lincoln Steffens

newspaper reporter NYC 1890s, effects corrupt business and politics. 1901 managed McClure’s magazine. Reprinted articles in The Shame of the Cities, 1904.

Federal Reserve, Monetary Policy

Federal Reserve Act (1913) regional reserve banks by pres-appoint Board Governors. Set interest rates (indirect control to nation’s) and amount money circulated. Used monetary policy (adj. money suppy reg econ). If interest low, more borrow, more econ, rise. High interest low inflation.

Nativism, Nativists, KKK

Nativism: hostile towards non-American (nativists). Sacco-Vanzetti: Italian immigrants + anarchists, made dubious evidence + prejudice → killed. KKK against Roman Catholics, Jews, immigrants, etc. Caused restrict immi; Emergency Quota Act → National Origins Act, restrict on ethnicity.

Northern Securities vs. United States

Shifted relation between federal government and private business; more power to regulate private business. Department Commerce and Labor to settle dispute.

Organizations for Suffrage

NWSA (Nat. Women Suffrage Assoc, Stanton and Anthony, ‘69), AWSA (Stone and Howe), NAWSA (combo), NACWC (Nat. Assoc Colored Women’s Clubs), NWP (National Women’s Party)

President Harding

OH. ‘03 lieutant gov, ‘14 senator. Attempted to stop progressivism, president ‘20. Hired many of OH gang to be cabinet; caused scandals.

Scandal Col.

Col. Charles R. Forbes sold scarce med. supplies from vet. hospitals, cost $250 mil

Teapot Dome

Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, bribes from private oil to drill (WY) and Elk Hills, CA. +$300000. After Wall St. Journal broke, ‘20s Senate investigation; 1st cabinet secretary jailed.

Scandal AG

Attorney General Harry Daughterty investigated accept bribes from German agent to buy company seized during WW1. Refused to open Justice Dept. files to cong. committee, testify under oath (Harding immune).

Progressives, Progressivism, Reform

Progressives: Advocated for social, racial, political, and economic reform so that equality was fostered.

Prohibition: reasons, amendment, act for fed

Fight umemployment, domestic violence, poverty, immigrants. 18th Amendment January 1920 (ban make + sale). Volstead Act gave Treasury power to enforce.

Prohibition: arrests, NYC, smuggling

Treasury Dept. 540,000 arrests; speakeasies, ~32,000 in NYC. Smuggled from Carribean/Canada, organized crime and corrupt. Al Capone paid local police, judges, etc.

The Aftermath of Prohibition

Quick battle, repealed 1933; diseases and social problems down but organized crime increase, not as influencial.

Pentecostals

Evanligical protestants with less trad. - A-A, women supported for less prejudice. Billy Sunday (baseball, rapid fire), Aimee McPherson (dramatic). Elder Lucy Smith A-A, Chicago Langley Ave All Nations Pentecostal Church helped Depression. Used mass media for message, alt. Jazz Age.

Senators

Some repaid support with federal contract, jobs; progressives called for direct election, 17th amendment 1913.

16th Amendment

Income tax to help fund government with excise/sales tax and tariffs, graduate for wealthy. Initially deemed unconstitutional as taxed property/stock. Feb. 1913, passed.