phs quiz 6

alkane formula

CnH2n+2

ethane (ethane)

alkene formula

CnH2n

ethene (ethylene)

alkyne formula

CnH2n-2

ethyne (acetylene)

3D structure of ethane (alkane)

all bond angles approximately 109.5°

3D structure of ethene (alkene)

all bond angles approximately 120°

3D structure of ethyne (alkyne)

all bond angles approximately 180°

a long-chain alkane (pentane)

a long-chain alkene (pent-1-ene)

a long-chain alkyne (pent-1-yne)

ethane

ethene

ethyne

propane

prop-1-ene

prop-1-yne

but-1-ene

pent-1-yne

hexa-2, 4-diene

penta-1, 4-diene

nona-2, 5-diene

hepta-2, 4-diene

toxic alkynes

for plant defense

geometric isomer

cis and trans conformation

cis-1, 2-dichloroethene

on the same side

trans-1, 2-dichloroethene

on opposite side

neither cis nor trans

alkenes in nature

flavor by polyenes

addition reaction

two molecules add together to form a new molecule

the major alkene addition reactions

• hydrogenation

• halogenation

• hydration

• hydrohalogenation

halogenation

the addition of halogen atoms to a double or triple bond

• H2, Cl, I, F, Br

hydration

the addition of a water molecule to an unsaturated bond

hydrohalogenation

the addition of a hydrogen halide molecule to an unsaturated bond

addition reaction of alkene

R= an alkyl or aryl group or a hydrogen atom

hydrogenation

adding hydrogen to a double or a triple bond

oil to fat conversion

oil (liquid)

more double bonds makes it more oil-like

• unsaturated fatty acids

• double bonds

fat (solid)

less double bonds makes it more fat-like

• saturated

• single bonds

saturated (single bonds) fatty acids

fats (solids)

• palmitic acid

• stearic acid

• arachidic acid

unsaturated (double bonds) fatty acids

liquid (oil)

• palmitoleic acid

• oleic acid

• linoleic acid

• linolenic acid

• arachidonic acid

saturated fatty acids: carbon chain length

• palmitic acid: 16

• stearic acid: 18

• arachidic acid: 20

unsaturated fatty acids: carbon chain length

• palmitoleic acid: 16

• oleic acid: 18

• linoleic acid: 20

• linolenic acid: 20

• arachidonic acid: 20

saturated fatty acids: number of double bonds

• palmitic acid: 0

• stearic acid: 0

• arachidic acid: 0

unsaturated fatty acids: number of double bonds

• palmitoleic acid:1

• oleic acid: 1

• linoleic acid: 2

• linolenic acid: 3

• arachidonic acid: 4

saturated fatty acids: melting point (C)

• palmitic acid: 63

• stearic acid: 70

• arachidic acid: 77

unsaturated fatty acids: melting point (C)

lower melting point

• palmitoleic acid: 0

• oleic acid: 16

• linoleic acid: 5

• linolenic acid: -11

• arachidonic acid: -50

polymer and addition polymer

building blocks of plastic

aromatic hydrocarbons

containing benzene ring of its derivatives

high chemical stability

resonance

gives rise to stability

resonance and stability

benzene is stable because of these

benzene structures

mother chain (benzene) + substituents

toluene

phenol

aniline

how to generate an alcohol using an alkene

has C OH bond

alcohol

R-O-H

• R = carbon-containing group (alkyl group)

methyl alcohol

methanol

1° alcohol

primary

2° alcohol

secondary

3° alcohol

tertiary

hydrogen bonding in alcohol

hydrogen bonding in OH group in biomolecules

can bond with others including themselves

nomenclature of alkane/alkene/alkyne

• identify the longest carbon chain containing the functional group

• use -ane/ -ene/ -yne as the ending for alkane/ alkene/ alkyne

• number the parent chain to give the double or triple bond the lowest number