Final BILD Flashcards

Cuvier

believed in catastrophism, proposing that catastrophic events caused mass extinctions and the appearance of new species.

Hutton

believed in gradualism, suggesting Earth's features formed slowly.

Lyell

expanded on Hutton's ideas, advocating for uniformitarianism, stating past geological processes still occur.

Darwin

was influenced by Hutton and Lyell's ideas about Earth's age and gradual change.

directional selection

shift towards the most extreme trait

stabilizing selection

shift towards the intermediate trait

disruptive selection

shift towards two extreme traits

Balancing Selection

A type of natural selection that maintains genetic diversity in a population by preserving different alleles for a trait. This occurs when heterozygous individuals have a higher fitness compared to homozygous individuals, leading to the persistence of multiple alleles in the gene pool. Balancing selection can help maintain variation in a population over time.

Topology

branching pattern of a phylogenetic tree

Allopatric speciation

(common)

• Step 1: Geographic separation (barrier to gene flow)

• Step 2: Each population adapts to a different local

environment, leading to divergence and reproductive

isolation

Sympatric speciation

(rare) Speciation in geographically overlapping populations.

Biological species concept:

A species is a group whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Types of isolation that lead to speciation

Habitat isolation (example: threespine sticklebacks)• Temporal isolation• Behavioral isolation• Mechanical isolation• Gametic isolation

Morphological species concept

Species are defined by morphological traits alone. Used by paleontologists to define fossils. Used by others when reproductive biology is not available

Ecological species concept

Species are defined by the ecological niches they occupy.Niches select for different adaptations, so this often overlaps with the morphological species concept. Ex: polar vs grizzly bear

Based on how fit the hybrids are and how much migration there is in the parent populations, predict the outcome of a hybrid zone

The outcome of a hybrid zone depends on the relative fitness of hybrids, the amount of migration between parent populations, and the strength of reproductive barriers. Reinforcement, stability, or the formation of a hybrid swarm are possible outcomes, each reflecting different levels of reproductive isolation and genetic exchange between the parent populations.

Nitrogen Cycle

Major Reservoir: The atmosphere (N2 gas). Processes: Nitrogen fixation by bacteria and legumes converts N2 into forms usable by plants, which are then transferred to consumers and decomposers. Human Impact: Excessive nitrogen from fertilizers can lead to eutrophication and dead zones.

What role did cyanobacteria play in creating our world?

First ones to photosynthesis and create an oxygen rich planet.

When did the common ancestor of chimps and humans live?

about 6 million years ago

Photoautotroph

is an organism that utilizes light energy to produce organic compounds from inorganic substances, typically carbon dioxide and water, through the process of photosynthesis. These organisms are capable of synthesizing their own food using light as a source of energy and do not rely on consuming other organisms for nutrients.

Heterotroph

are organisms that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances and instead rely on consuming other organisms or organic matter to obtain energy and nutrients for growth and metabolism.

Arthropods

75% of species

Type I (K-selected)

Parental Investment: High● Number of Offspring: Low● Survivorship: High until old age

Type II (Intermediate)

Parental Investment: Moderate● Number of Offspring: Moderate● Survivorship: Constant

Type III (r-selected )

● Parental Investment: Low● Number of Offspring: High ● Survivorship: Low early in life

All ecology layers

individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

examples of species interactions

parasitism, predation, competition, mutualism

systems for predicting population changes in food chain

bottom-up and top-down

Place the following groups/events in order, from the earliest (oldest) to most recent:

1. The origin of land plants.

2. The origin of terrestrial vertebrates.

3. The origin of aquatic mammals.

1,2,3

Place the following events in order from earliest (oldest) to most recent:

1. The evolutionary origin of bilateral symmetry.

2. The evolutionary origin of the first eukaryotes.

3. The evolutionary origin of the first photosynthetic organisms.

3,2,1

Among the three domains of life, Eukaryota are thought to be:

More closely related to Archaea than to Bacteria.

Of these three organisms [bird, tree, fungus], which two are most closely related to each other?

Fungi are more closely related to animals than they are plants.

A vulture swoops down and lands to feed on a dead deer (an herbivore). Which of the following sets of terms describes the vulture in this situation?

Vulture: Heterotroph, secondary consumer.

Deer: Heterotroph, primary consumer

Plant: Photo/autotroph, primary producer

The highest net primary productivity in terrestrial environments occurs in …

swamps and marshes and tropical rainforests; the lowest occurs in deserts.

Which regions have the least variation in day length?

In equatorial regions, the length of days and the directness of sunlight don't change as much.