DRRR REVIEWER

Volcano

vent on earths crust

how do volcanoes form

through plate boundaries

average number of volcanic eruptions per year

50

where are 75% of volcanoes located

pacific ring of fire

2 types of plate margins

constructive
destructive

constructive margine

from divergent boundary
makes shield volcanoes

constructive margin

divergent plate boundary where tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust, often resulting in volcanic activity.

destructive margin

convergent boundary
makes composite volcanoes

destructive margin

is a type of convergent boundary where tectonic plates collide, causing one plate to be forced beneath another, leading to volcanic activity and the formation of features like mountain ranges.

shield volcanoes

less violent
runny and less acidic eruption
gentle slppe structure
divergent plates

shield volcano

is a type of volcano characterized by its broad, gentle slopes and low-viscosity lava flows, resulting in less explosive eruptions.

composite volcano

violent
viscous and acidic
straigjt slope
convergent plate

composite volcano

is a type of volcano formed from alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic materials, characterized by its steep slopes and explosive eruptions.

eruption

happen due to build up of gas and magma

magma

molten rock inside earth

lava

molten rock outside earth

parts of a volcano

crater
magma chamber
main vent

lava flow

down the slope
45 km/h
slow in terms of other hazards

lava flow hazards

destruction of infrastructure
death( though easily avoidable)

lava flow mitigation

diversion by making canals|
spray water to thicken
run away and prepare

volcanic gases

one of basic components of lava|
water vapor, carbone dioxide, sulfur dioxxide
released by volcanic activity
dissolved in water droplets

volcanic gases hazard

acid rain
destroying infrastructure

hurt people

volcanic gases mitigation

run

pyroclastic flow

hot dry masses of fragmented volcanic materials that more along slope
from collapsed eruption column
speeds of greater than 60km/h

pyroclastic flow

is a dangerous volcanic hazard consisting of rapidly moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and rock that can travel at high speeds, posing significant threats to life and property.

pyroclastic flow mitigation

strategies to reduce risks associated with pyroclastic flows, such as land-use planning, early warning systems, and evacuation plans.

pyroclastic surges

turbulent low concentration density current gases, rock debris, and water, that move at high velocities

pyroclastic flow hazard

the potential risks posed by pyroclastic flows, including destruction of structures, loss of life, and environmental damage.

tephra falls

showers of fine → coarse grained material

types of projectiles of tephra falls

2mm- ash
2mm-64mm lapili
more than 64mm- blocks and bombs

speeds of 200 m/s

tephra falls

are volcanic materials expelled during an eruption, ranging in size from fine ash to larger volcanic rocks.

ballistic projectile

rocks released into air by volcano
can travel as far as 5km or further depending

lahar

-50-100km/h
mudflow/ flow mixture of debris and water

2 types of lahar

primary/ hot
secondary/ cold

primary lahar

associated directly by volcanic eruption

secondary lahar

caused by heavy rainfall

ballistic projectile hazards

are volcanic materials such as rocks and magma fragments ejected during an explosive eruption that can travel at high speeds and pose significant risks to life and property.

ballistic projectile mitigation

refers to strategies and measures employed to reduce the risks associated with ballistic projectiles during volcanic eruptions, including early warning systems and physical barriers.

lahar mitigation

involves techniques to manage and lessen the impact of lahars, such as constructing barriers, enhancing drainage systems, and implementing monitoring and warning systems.

lahar hazard

refers to the risk posed by volcanic mudflows, which are mixtures of water, volcanic ash, and debris that can flow down slopes and cause destruction to infrastructure, communities, and ecosystems.

volcanic debris avalanche

landslide on volcanic slopes
faster and uses more debris
very rapid downhill movement
100-250 km/h

volcanic debris avalanche mitigation

involves strategies to reduce the risk and impact of volcanic debris avalanches, including creating barriers, slope stabilization, and early warning systems.

volcanic debris avalanche hazard

refers to the potential dangers associated with landslides on volcanic slopes, which can lead to significant destruction and loss of life.

negative effects of volcano

could damage habitats and landscape
danger to life
damage to property
reduced economic activity

positive effects

new source of geothermal energy
ash as fertilizer
tourism

signs of impending volcano

increased frequency and intensity of felt earthquakes
increased steaming activity
glowing crater
dry vegetation
increased temps of hot springs

typhoon

disturbance characterized by strong winds and heavy rains

typhonn comes from taifung in chinese, Tai meaning

big

typhoon comes from taifung in chinese, fung meaning

wind

taifung means

big wind

bagyo filipino term of typhoon came from

Wettest cylone to Hit Baguio in 1911

tropical depression speed

<62 kph

tropical storm

>62 kph and <118 kph

typhoon

>118 kph
also called cyclone and willie willie

super typhoon

>220 kph

what is needed to make typhoon

warm water
most air

PAR meaning

Philippine Area of Responsibility

PAGASA meaning

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

What happens when Typhoon is in the PAR

we give it localized name
we are in-charge of monitoring its movement

organs of typhoon

eye
eye wall
rain bands

eye

lowest atmospheric pressure
20-65 km in diameter
warm temp and weak wind

eye wall

the height reaches 15km above sea level
bring strongest winds and heavy rains

rain bands

there is rain here
clockwise rotation in southern hemisphere
counter clockwise rotation in northern hemisphere

tropical cyclones

form as result of natural tendency to maintain equilibrium
redistribute heat from equator to pole

first step in typhoon generating

the warm ocean waters heat the air above, causing it to rise, leading to convection.

second step in typhoon generating

the rising moist air cools and condenses, forming clouds and releasing latent heat, which further warms the surrounding air.

third step in typhoon generating

the continued rising of air creates an area of lower pressure at the surface, drawing in more air and moisture.

fourth and final step in typhoon generating

the rotating air continues to organize and intensify, forming a mature typhoon that can develop into a tropical cyclone.

average life span of typhoon

9 day

tropical cyclone

most destructive phenomena

tropical cyclone effects

strong winds, storm surge, heavy rain

RSMC

regional specialized meteorological center

RSMC info

1 of 6 international providing warnings
responsible for providing basic info and detecting tropical cyclones

WMO

World Meteorological Organization,

WMO Purpose

to promote international cooperation in meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and related fields.

PSWS

Public Storm Warning Signal

PSWS #1

winds of 30-60kph
lead time of 36 hours
zero to minimal damage

PSWS #2

winds of 61-120kph
lead time of 24 hours
light to moderate damage
no class until JHS

PSWS #3

Winds of 121-170kph
lead time of 18 hours
moderate to heavy damage
no classes until college

PSWS #4

winds of 171-220kph
lead time of 12 hours
heavy to very heavy damage
Evacuate here

PSWS #5

winds of 221-250kph
lead time of 12 hours
very heavy damage
mandatory evacuation

Storm surge

unusual localized increase in seawater level beyond prediction
regulates temperature
winds push water t o be high
flood but coastline

storm surge- green

0m- no action

storm surge- yellow

0.5m- storm surge possible

storm surge- orange

1.0m-3m coastal flooding likely.
evacuate

storm surge red

3m or higher - severe coastal flooding expected, mandatory evacuation advised.

tidal wave

caused by celestial bodies
gravitational pull

tsunami

caused by geophysical processes
seismic sea wave

thunderstorm

violent weather disturbance

thunderstorm life cycle

developing cumulus stage
mature stage
final stage

developing stage

the initial phase of a thunderstorm life cycle characterized by the formation of cumulus clouds that grow vertically.

mature stage

the phase of a thunderstorm where it reaches its strongest intensity, featuring heavy rainfall, strong winds, and potential hail or lightning.

final stage

the last phase of a thunderstorm life cycle, where the storm begins to dissipate, leading to a decrease in precipitation and intensity.

thunder storm

localized
30mins to 1 hr

lightning

abrupt natural visible high voltage discharge

cloud to ground

must dangerous type
negative from cloud connects w/ positive on ground

thunder

acoustic effect
after lightning because light is faster than sound

lightning strike

a sudden electrical discharge occurring during a storm, resulting from the buildup of electrical energy in the atmosphere.

lightning strike

lightning hits ground object

hail

type of solid precipitation