Childhood Spch/sound disorder Slide Set 2

Place

The location along the vocal tract the sound is made.

The point at which the movable and immovable articulators meet or almost meet to create the constriction

Manner

How the consonant sound is made. How air flows through the constriction created by the articulators.

Obstruents

Produced with greater constriction along the vocal tract.

Stops, fricatives, and affricatives

Soronants

Produced with an open vocal tract or with minimal obstruction in the vocal tract

Nasals, liquids, and glides

Obstruent consonants can be

voiced or voiceless

Sonorant consonants are always

voiced

Tense vowels

longer, greater effort (/i, e, u, o/)

Lax vowels

shorter (/ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ə/)

Consonantal [+/- cons]

distinguish true consonants from vowels and glides. Block, redirect, or narrow airflow.

Sonorants [+/- son]

distinguish sounds that allow unimpeded airflow from sounds that block or constrict the airflow.

Obstruent [-son]

stops, fricatives, and affricates

Approximant [+/-approx]

distinguish sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract do not create enough constriction to cause turbulent airflow (e.g.,vowels & non nasal sonorants).

Consonantal [+con]

plosives, affricates, fricatives, nasals, liquid

Consonental [-con]

vowels, glides

Sonorant [+son]

Vowels, nasals, liquids, glides

Sonorant [-son]

Plosives, affricates, fricatives, nasals

Appriximate [+approx]

vowels, semivowels [w, j, r, l]

Approximate [-approx]

plosives, affricates, fricatives, nasals

Voice [± voice]

sounds involving vocal folds vibration

Continuance [± cont]

air moves uninterrupted (e.g. vowels, glides, liquids, and fricatives)

Strident [± strid]

sounds that force air quickly through a small constriction creating a noisy or hissing airflow (e.g., fricatives and affricates except for interdental and glottal).

Sibilant

only alveolar and palatal fricatives and affricates (NOT f or v)

Rounded vowels [+round]

u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɝ, ɚ

Unrounded vowels [-round]

i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ə, ʌ

Front vowels [+front]

i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ

Central vowels

ə, ʌ, , ɝ, ɚ

Back vowels [+back]

u, u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɑ

High vowels [+high]

i, ɪ, u, ʊ

Mid vowels

e, ɛ, ə, ʌ, ɝ, o, ɔ

Low vowels [+low]

æ, ɑ

Count as 1 vowel

/ɝ/,/ɚ/

Count as V:

/ʊr/, /ɑr/, /ɪr/, /ɛr/, /ɔr/

Implicational relationship observed in development

• Consonants imply vowels

• Fricatives imply plosives

• Voiced obstruents imply voiceless obstruents

• Liquids imply nasals

• Velars imply coronals

• Affricates imply fricatives

• Clusters imply singletons

• True clusters with small sonority difference imply large

sonority difference

Sonority

the amount of sound present in a speech segment

most sonorous - least sonorus

0 = vowels 1 = glides 2 = liquids 3 = nasals 4 = voiced fricatives 5 = voiceless fricatives 6 = voiced stops 7 = voiceless stops

Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP)

Syllable tend to start with a large rise and end with a small fall

/sp, st, sk/

do not abide by the sonority sequencing principle and are considered adjuncts rather than true consonant clusters.

Sonority difference

the numeric difference between two consonants in a cluster; derived by subtracting the sonority hierarchy score for the second sound from the first sound