APHUG UNITS 6/7

All vocabulary terms for last 2 units

Non-basic industries

enterprises whose customers live in the same community

Basic Industries

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

Business Services

Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Consumer Services

Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services

Public Services

Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.

Gravity Model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

market area (hinterland)

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people

Metacity

A city with a population over 20 million

primate city

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions.

world city (global city)

a city that functions as a service center of the world economy

African City Model

model that suggests that African cities have more than one CBD, which is a remanence of colonialism

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Boomburbs

rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city

Borchert's epochs

According to the geographer John R. Borchert, American cities have undergone five major epochs, or periods, of development shaped by the dominant forms of transportation and communication at the time. These include sail-wagon epoch (1790-1830), iron horse epoch (1830-1870), steel rail epoch (1870-1920), auto-air-amenity epoch (1920-1970), and satellite-electronic-jet propulsion and high-technology epoch (1970-present).

Brownfields

contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Central Business District (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

urban decentralization

metropolitan areas sprawl in all directions and suburbs take on many of the characteristics of traditional downtowns

Disamenity Zones

areas not connected to city services and under the control of drug lords and gangs

edge cities

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Ethnic Neighborhood

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Exurbs

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

Farmland protection policies

Policies enacted by governments that protect farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use. Uses zoning to identify areas of agricultural land use

Favela

a slum community in a Brazilian city

Galactic City Model

represents the post-industrial city with its several, dispersed business districts. This model represents a distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has transitioned to services as the leading form of production. Manufacturing has declined significantly and become specialized.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Developed in the 1950s by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, this model explains the changing growth pattern of urban spaces based on the assumption that growth occurred independently around several major foci (or focal nodes), many of which are far away from the central business district and only marginally connected to it.

Hoyt Sector Model

the theory of urban structure that a city develops in a series of certain sectors, instead of rings.

Inclusionary Zoning

Specifies inclusions within a development, such as a playground or that a percentage of homes must be affordable for low-income families.

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Islamic City Model

Cities in Muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs. Islamic cities contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. Open-air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and dead-end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also characterize Islamic cities.

Latin American City Model

Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge.

low/medium/high density housing

the number of dwellings per unit of land that would constitute a low/medium/high density housing depends on the place defining it

Megalopolis

a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

mixed land use

land development that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and/or industrial uses

New Urbanism

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.

NIMBY (not in my backyard)

Term used to describe local (residential) opposition to development projects.

Redlining

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal.

Slow-growth cities

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl

smart growth policies

an urban planning theory that concentrates walkable city areas to prevent urban sprawl

southeast asia city model

port is key aspect, suburbs present in two patches, alien commercial zone and western commercial zone, zone and function based

sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Squatter settlements/shantytowns

Areas of poverty in which the people do not own the land, little planning, no public services or infrastructure

suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

Sustainable Design Initiatives

Communities that use smart growth and green building techniques to create neighborhoods that are economically thriving and environmentally responsible

traditional zoning

zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low-, medium-, or high-density), commercial, or industrial

Urban growth boundary

Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Vertical Geography

Building up a city instead of out, like tall buildings.

Zones of Abandonment

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Primary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Secondary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Tertiary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, utilities, and the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Quaternary sector

Jobs that deal with the handling and processing of knowledge and information.

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services,

Quinary Sector

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

higher level Decision makers

Weber's Least Cost Theory

theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration

Break-of-bulk point

A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution.

HOTELLING'S LOCATIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE Theory

Theory that states that competitors will attempt to maximize sales by constraining each other's sales territories by moving closer to one another until they are back-to back

Footloose industry

industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms

Deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment….can lead to the creation of brownfields

comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Offshoring

Moving operations from the country where a company is headquartered to a country where pay rates are lower but the necessary skills are available.

maquiladoras

The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods.

special economic zones (SEZ)

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

free-trade zones

A region where a group of countries has agreed to reduce or eliminate trade barriers

export processing zones (EPZs)

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

The process where the assembling procedures for a product are spread out through different parts of the world

Post-Fordist Production

World economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced; instead, production has been accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world and bringing places closer together in time and space than would have been imaginable at the beginning of the 20th century

multiplier effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. For example, if a corporation builds a factory, it will employ construction workers and their suppliers as well as those who work in the factory

economies of scale

a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

growth poles

economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.

technopoles

area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies occurs.

Four Asian Tigers/Dragons

the highly developed economies of South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): . These regions were the first newly industrialized countries and became booming economies.

Just-in-time delivery

Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed. (Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed)

Brownfields

abandoned polluted industrial sites in central cities, many of which are today being cleaned and redeveloped

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services produced by a country citizens and companies within the country in a year

GNP (Gross National Product)

the total value of goods and services produced by a country's citizens and companies both domestically and internationally in a year

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

the total value of goods and services produced globally by a country in a year divided by the country's population

formal economy (sector)

businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protections, and are also taxed

Informal Economy (sector)

any part of a country's economy that is outside of government monitoring or regulation;

Ex: flea markets, street vendor, cash-based businesses

Fossil Fuels

non-renewable resources - Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.