Hominin traits

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Large brow ridge, more central foramen magnum, 320-380 cm3

Orrorin tugenensis

Complete lower limb indicative of bipedal locomotion

Ardipithecus kadabba

Perihoning complex, bipedal based off toe bone

Ardipithecus ramidus

Well adapted biped, 300-350 cm3, 4ft 100 lbs, difficulty running but good grasping and climbing abilities

Australopithecus anamensis

Tooth structure between Ardi ramidus and Austra afarensis

Australopithecus afarensis

430 cm3, sexually dimorphic, larger canines than humans but smaller than chimps, semi sectorial premolar, smaller diastema, parallel tooth rows, sagittal crest, funnel shaped ribs, longer upper limbs than humans, more curved fingers and toes, more central foramen magnum, S curved spine, short wide pelvis, angled femur, in line big toe, arch in foot

Australopithecus platyops

Flat face, small molars

Australopithecus africanus

440 cm3, bipedal but ape like cranial characteristics

Paranthropus Australopiths

Flatter face, extremely thick sagittal crest, broad cheekbones, large back teeth, thick enamel

Homo habilis

631-775 cm3, robust face, large molars

Homo erectus

700-1200 cm3, large molars, thick cranial bone, large brow ridges, sloping forehead, sagittal ridge, cranium wider at base, nuchal torus, robust, sexually dimorphic

Homo neanderthalensis

Low forehead, arching browridges, projecting midface, no chin, occipital bun, long low braincase, retromolar gap, large nasal opening, large infraorbital foramina, robust, barrel chested, 1520 cm3

Homo naledi

Sagittal keel, large brow ridge, thick cranial bones, reduced tooth size, small brain and body

Homo sapiens

Vertical forehead, rounder braincase, small brow ridges, no retro-molar gap, chin, 1350-1400 cm3

Homo heidelbergensis

Massive browridge, sloping forehead, thinner cranial bones, long low skulls, large braincases, robust skeletons, 1120-1300 cm3

Australopithecus sediba

Shoulder joint like Australopith, long arms with curved fingers, primitive traits in feet, smaller teeth, narrower cheekbones, less postorbital constriction, proportionately less robust upper limbs