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Cell __________ define the boundaries of a cell and __________ internal compartments such as ___________.
Membranes, enclose, organelles.
Cell membranes function as a selectively ___________ barrier, maintaing ___________, ____________ between cells by ______ detection.
Permeable, homeostasis, communication, signal.
Cell membranes function in cell ___________ to other cells, the imort and export of __________, and allows for ___________ and ___________.
Attachment, molecules, movement, expansion.
Cell membranes consists of a _____ bilayer with _________embedded in it. This is also known as the _____ ________ model.
Lipid, proteins, fluid mosaic
_____ and __________ composition differ depending on where the membrane is _________.
Lipid, protein, found
cell membranes are _____-________, which allows for expansion or contraction, ____________ of the cell, fusion with other ___________ or ___________ of the cell.
Self-sealing, deformation, membranes, movement
membranes contain a great diversity of _______, because the lipids can form ________ in _______.
Lipids, bilayers, water
The main classes of membrane lipids are __________lipids, ______lipids, and ________.
Phospho, gluco, sterold
All of the main classes of membrane lipids are ______________, which mean they contain both _____________ and _____________ components.
amphipathic, hydrophilic, hydrophobic
_______lipids are the most abundant lipid in ___________.
Phospho, membranes
_____________ membrane lipids drives lipid molecules to assemble into ________, in an _________ environment.
Amphipathic, bilayers, aqueous
Turning into bilayers forces hydro________ molecules to cluster and exclude water, which creates an energetically __________ structure.
Phobic, favorable
_____________ form lipid droplets, which are clumps of fat that _____ be transported. If you needed to move this fat cell it would beed ______________ around it.
Triglycerides, canāt, phospholipids
Being amphipathic makes ___________ self-sealing and fold into _______ compartment/spheres.
Membranes, closed
A _____ in the bilayer creates a free edge exposed to the ______. This is bad because the hydro ______ parts want to away from water.
Tear, water, hydrophobic
To avoid contact with ______ phospholipids arrange into closed, ____-_________ compartments to eliminate any ____ _______.
Water, self-sealing, free edges
The lipid _______ behaves as a ____-dimensional fluid.
Bilayer, two
Random ________ motion causes lipids to _______, freely within a _________. This motion can be constrained by _________ in the membrane.
Thermal, diffuse, monolayer, proteins
The movement of lipids from one _________ to another is ________ diffusion. This flip-flop is relatively _____.
Monolayer, transverse, rare.
for a lipid to flip-flop, its _______ head must cross the hydrophobic core of the _________, which is an energetically ____________ process.
Polar, bilayer, unfavorable
___________ diffusion requires _________ that ________ this reaction, and they act only on specific _______.
Transverse, enzymes, catalyze, lipids
membrane _______ allows some membrane proteins to move ________, which is required for cell __________.
Fluidity, rapidly, signaling
___________ fluidity allows the ______ of membranes, organelles, and vesicales, (consist of endo and exocytosis) and cell _________.
Membrane, fusion, division
If ____ protiens that recieve a _______ (substrate) get stuck it can cause _________ in cells, because this causes the cell to _______ when it shouldnāt.
Two, ligand, cancer, divide
The ________ of the membrane at a ____________ depends on its ______________ composition.
Fluidly, temperature, phospholipid
________ tailed lipids have an __________ strength of interaction which causes a __________ in fluidity, and becomes more _______.
Longer, increased, decrease, solid
The longer the ____ of a lipid is the more _______ to becomes.
Tail, solid
at a given ____________, a short-tailed lipid will be more _______ than a long-tailed lipid.
Temperature, fluid
The optimal membrane ______ ______ size is 12 - 20 __________ long.
Fatty acid, carbons
Fewer or more _________ form less stable ___________, this determines the _________ of the membranes, (usually 6-8 nm).
Carbons, membranes, thickness
degree of ______________, is where an unstaturated _______ creates extra space in the ___________ which _________ fluidity.
Unstaturation, lipid, membrane, increases
The _____ shape of ____________ lipids causes gapes which make the membrane _____ fluid.
Bent, unsaturated, more
the membranes of most ___________ contain ______, which is a 4 ring structure. _____ size depends on the ______ of sterol you have.
Eukaryotes, sterols, tail, type
the main sterol in animal cell membranes is ___________.
Cholesterol
_____ cell membranes have small amounts of ____________, which function similar to ________ in animals.
Plant, phytosterols, sterols
________ cell membranes contain ____________, which is similar to cholesterol.
Fungal, ergosterol
since ergosterol is present in ______, but not in animals, it is a useful target for __________ drugs.
Fungi, antifungal
ergosterol is one reason why we can get ________ infections.
Fungal
monistat is an ___________ medication used to treat ringworm, putyriasis versicolor, and yeast infections of the skin or vagina, because it ________ the synthesis of ergosterol.
Antifungal, inhibits
__________ has an important influence on lipid ________.
Cholesterol, bilayers
sterols are slightly ____________ and can H-bond with _______lipids via the terminal _________ group.
Amphipathic, phospho, hydroxyl
The intercalation of rigid ____________ molecules into a membrane ___________ its fluidity. it also prevents _____________ chains from packing together _________. This stops it from becoming solid at ____ temps.
cholesterol, decreases, hydrocarbon, tightly, low.
cholesterol is a _________ ______, maintinaing the correct amount of _____. A lot of other _________ in other organisms may function similarly.
Fluidity buffer, fluid, sterols
sterols _________ the _____________ of membranes to ions and small polar molecules. This is becuase they fill spaces between the ______________ chains of _________lipids.
Decrease, permeability, hydrocarbon, phospho
When sterols fill _______, this blocks the ________ that ions and small molecules would take through the ___________.
Gaps, routes, membrane
most organisms can __________ membrane fluidity by varying the _______ composiion in the membranes. This is important in ______________, (organism that cannot regulate their own body temp).
Regulate, lipid, poikilotherms
poikilotherms use homeoviscous ____________, which helps with changes in temp by __________ the length and degree of ____________ of fatty acids, or proportion of ____________ in their membranes.
adaptation, altering, staturation, chelesterol
hibernating __________ use homeoviscous adaptation, to adpat to changes in body ______, by adding a greater proportion of ____________, fatty acids into their membrane _________lipids.
mammals, temp, unsaturated, phospho
An exampe of a ___________ in permeability is the removal of ___________ from sperm membrane which allows ____ influx, and causes ___________, (the process sperm must undergo to be able to fertilize an egg).
Decrease, cholesterol, ion, capacitation