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Qing Struggles
Challenges faced by the Qing Dynasty including corruption, a significant population increase without industrialization or agricultural innovation.
Canton System
A trade system established by the Qianlong Emperor, controlling all foreign trade in China to one port and managed by Hongs.
Opium Trade
The British introduced opium from India to trade for Chinese tea, leading to widespread addiction in China.
First Opium War
Conflict (1839-1842) where British military superiority defeated Qing forces, resulting in the Treaty of Nanking.
Taiping Rebellion
A massive civil war in China (1850-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan, who sought to establish a new Christian kingdom.
Self-Strengthening Movement
Efforts by Qing China to adopt Western technology and military practices after losses in the Opium Wars.
Boxer Rebellion
Anti-imperialist uprising in China (1898-1901) by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence.
Tanzimat Reforms
A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire (1839-1876) aimed at modernization and centralization of the state.
Berlin-Baghdad Railway
A railway project intended to connect Berlin to Baghdad, which faced challenges including internal conflict and limited industrialization.
Young Turks
A revolutionary group of Western-educated elites in the Ottoman Empire who restored the constitution and advocated for modernization.
Meiji Restoration
The political and social transformation in Japan (1868) where power was restored to the emperor and Western ideas were adopted.
Zaibatsu
Large family-owned industrial conglomerates in Japan, formed during the Meiji era to drive industrialization.
Russian Revolution of 1905
An uprising in Russia that resulted in reforms like a constitution and the creation of the Duma after worker protests.
Pale of Settlement
Territory in Russia designated for Jewish settlement, often characterized by poverty and limited rights.
Trans-Siberian Railroad
A major railway built between 1891 and 1916, connecting Moscow and Vladivostok over 5,772 miles.
Intelligentsia
Educated intellectuals in Russia who advocated for liberal reforms and social change.
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