(h) (k) how cells of multicelular organisms are specialised for particular function

What is the process of how whole organisms come to be

Specialised cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

Whole organisms

What is another word for red blood cells

Erythrocytes

How are erythrocytes specialised to their function and what is their function

biconcave disc shape

Increases the surface area to volume ratio

It is essential to rule of transporting oxygen around the body

space

SPACE FOR HAEMOGLOBIN as these cells dont have nuclei

Flexible

• able to squeeze through narrow capillaries

Name the type of wbc and what is their speciality and how are they specialised

Neutrophils

Multi lobed nucleus - easier to squeeze through small gaps to get to site of infections

What are erythrocytes and neutrophils examples of

Distinct differentiated cells derived from a common stem cell. In bone marrow

What do sperm cells do.

Deliver genetic information to female gamete

What 4 things does sperm cell have?

Mitochondria - supply energy needed to swim

Flagellum - movement

Acrosome - head of sperm has digestive enzymes

• released to digest the protective layers around ovum - allow penetration

What are the specialised animal cells?

Erythrocytes

Neutrophils

Sperm cells

What are examples of specialised plant cells?

Palisade cells

Root hair cells

Guard cells

Where are palisade cells and what do they contain

In mesophyll layer

Contains chloroplasts which absorb light

What ae the 3 ways in which palisade cells are specialised to their function

• closesly packed due to rectangular boxes

• Thin cell walls which increases rate of diffusion for c02

• Larger vacuole which maintains turgor presssure

Where are root hair cells found?

Present at surfaces of root near growing tips

How are root hairs specialised

Long extension = root hairs which increases suface area of cell

Maximises the uptake of water and minerals from soil

What dos the guard cell do?

Forms openings - stomata

Like for co2 enter

What do the guard cells do when they lose water r

Change shape and stomata closes

What is the cell wal like?

Cell wall is thicker on one side

doesn’t change shape symmetrically