A&P 1 Chapter 1

Cephalic

Head

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Eyes

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Cervical

Neck

Sternal

Chest

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Umbillical

Belly Buttom

Pelvic

Above the inguinal or groin

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Genitals

Achromial

Shoulder

Brachial

Upper Arm

Antecubital

Front of Elbow

Carpal

Wrist

Manus

Hand

Pollex

Thumb

Digital or Digits

Fingers or Toes

Coxal

Hips

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Kneecap

Crural

Shin

Fibular

Lower Leg

Tarsal

Ankle

Metatarsal

Top of Foot

Pedal

Foot

Hallux

Big Toe

Inferior or Caudal

Lower

Superior or Cranial

Higher

Anterior or Ventral

Towards the Front of the Body

Posterior or Dorsal

Towards the back of the body

Proximal

Closer to Attachment Point

Distal

Further from an attachment point

Lateral

Away from the midline

Medial

Towards the midline

Superficial

Towards or on the surface

Deep

Away from the surface

Intermediate

In the middle

Appendicular

Limbs

Axial

On the Midline

Sagittal Section

Divides vertically

Midsaggital

On the midline

Parasaggital

Off Center

Frontal

Divides into anterior or posterior

Transverse

Divides horizontally (superior or inferior)

Oblique Section

A cut at an angle other than 90 degrees

Coela

Body Cavities

Pericardium

Serosae of the heart

Plurae

Serosae of the Lungs

Peritoneum

Serosae of Abdominal-Pelvic Cavity

Otic

Ear

Occipital

Back of Head

Scapular

Shoulder Blade

Vertebral

Midline of the Back

Lumbar

Lower Back

Sacral

Tailbone

Gluteal

Buttocks

Perineal

Between anus and genitals

Metacarpal

Back of Hand

Popliteal

Back of the Knee

Sural

Calf

Calcaneal

Heel

Plantar

Bottom of the Foot

Parietal

External Serosa

Visceral

Internal Serosa

Lumen

Space inside a tube

Main Organs of the Urinary System (4)

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Function of Urinary System

Eliminate Wastes, regulate water, regulate electrolytes, regulate pH balance in blood

Main Organs of Male Reproductive System (5)

Penis, testes, prostate, ductus deferens, scrotum

Function of Male Reproductive System

Produce sperm, produce sex hormones, deliver sperm

Main Organs of Female Reproductive System (5)

Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes

Functions of Female Reproductive System

Produce oocytes(eggs), produce sex hormones, fertilization, implantation, fetal development, milk production

Afferent

Towards Central Nervous System

Efferent

Away from Central Nervous System

Main Organs of the Central Nervous System (3)

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Functions of Central Nervous System

Short and quick responses, respond to internal or external changes, memory

Main Organs of Endocrine System (8)

Thyroid, pituitary, pineal, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Functions of Endocrine System

Long and slow responses, regulate growth, metabolism

Main Organs of Cardiovascular System (2)

Heart, blood vessels

Functions of Cardiovascular System

Pump blood, transport blood

Main Organs of Immune/Lymphatic Systems (5)

Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow

Functions of Lymphatic System

Picks up and returns excess fluid, houses lymphocytes

Functions of Immune System

Fight, protect, detect, and dispose of foreign and harmful substances and growths

Main Organs of Respiratory System (8)

Lungs, larynx, trachea, nose, mouth, pharynx, diaphragm, bronchus

Functions of Respiratory System

Ventilation, respiration, supply oxygen, remove carbon dioxide, speech, thermoregulation

Main Organs of Digestive System (8)

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, rectum, anus

Functions of Digestive System

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Main Organ of Integumentary System (3)

Skin, hair, nails

Functions of Integumentary System

Protect from injury, UV, desiccation, infiltration, house receptors, house sweat and oil glands

Main Organs of Skeletal System (3)

Bones, Joints, Cartilage

Functions of Skeletal System

Structure, protection of organs, muscle leverage, hematopoiesis, mineral storage

Main Organs of Muscular System (3)

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

Functions of Muscular System

Environment manipulation, locomotion, expression, internal movement, posture, heat production

Catabolism

Breakdown of molecules

Anabolism

Synthesis of molecules

Survival Needs (6)

Nutrients, water, oxygen, regulation, pressure, temperature

Functions of Coela (8)

Protection from pathogens, cushioning, buoyancy, thermoregulation, flexibility, gives shape, nutrient transport, gives space for growth