Systems Path Section 5 - The heart pg 100-end

reaction to group A beta hemolytic strep exotoxin (1-4 days after strep throat)

scarlet fever

who is most likely to get scarlet fever

children

symptoms/signs of scarlet fever

sandpaper rash, circumpolar pallor, strawberry tongue,

complications of scarlet fever may result in...

septicemia and RF

MC bacterial infection of inner layer of heart and valves (MC left) causing flu-like symptoms producing lethal arrhythmia, renal failure, vegetations on valves and heart destruction

infective endocarditis

what type of infective endocarditis is destructive, difficult to treat, affects normal tissue and is caused by virulent staph. aureus

acute

what type of infective endocarditis is easy to treat, has low virulence, affects damaged tissue and is caused by low-virulence strep. viridans

subacute

who is more likely to get infective endocarditis?

this with prosthetic valve

possible sources of infection for infective endocarditis

skin infection, dental procedures, surgery

viral (MC) inflammation of heart wall

myocarditis

viral causes of myocarditis

covid, coxsackievirus A & B, HIV, CMV, influenza

non-viral causes of myocarditis

SLE, chagas disease, Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis

complications associated with myocarditis

arrhythmia and dilated heart wall

who/why may someone get myocarditis

viral infection by unknown agent

inflammation of pericardium (MC viral) causing "atypical chest pain"

pericarditis

Primary pericarditis

viral (MC), bacterial fungal

secondary pericarditis

MI, surgery, irradiation, RF, SLE, CA

Beck's triad for cardiac tamponade

low BP, JVD (distended neck veins), muffled heart sounds

how does someone get pericarditis?

inflammation leads to fibrosis and restriction within pericardium (potentially leading to edema and fibrosis/constriction)

MC prosthetic cardiac valve

mechanical

20% of infective endocarditis cases are caused by what?

prosthetic cardiac valve infection

disease of heart + muscle + disease

cardiomyopathy

types of cardiomyopathies

dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive

what accounts for 90% of all cardiomyopathies causing dilation of all chambers and progressive systolic dysfunction (dyspnea and fatigue)

dilated cardiomyopathy

risks associated with dilated cardiomyopathy

genetics, CHF, viral infections, toxins, hemochromatosis, decreased thiamine

who is most likely to get dilated cardiomyopathy

20-50

genetic (MC B-myosin) hypercontractile sarcomeres leading to increased asymmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased cardiac output MC after puberty

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

signs and symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

hypertrophy, murmur, interstitial fibrosis, elongated L ventricle, dyspnea

asymmetrical septal hypertrophy is associated with which type of cardiomyopathy?

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

least common type of cardiomyopathy leading to diastolic dysfunction (failure of ventricles to fill) leading to decreased output, dyspnea, and fatigue

restrictive cardiomyopathy

how does someone get restrictive cardiomyopathy

stiffening and fibrosis of heart walls

who gets restrictive cardiomyopathy

MC in those with African ancestry

risk associated with developing restrictive cardiomyopathy

history of amyloidosis and heart damage due to irradiation/parasitic infection

cardiac neoplasms in adults

myxoma (MC), fibroma, lipoma

cardiac neoplasm in children

rhabdomyoma

what is a rhabdomyoma associated with?

Tuberous sclerosis

what is the MC cardiac neoplasm in adults which is benign, found in atria (MC left) and can be large

myxoma

how does someone get a myxoma?

mobile mass (wrecking ball) that can interfere with/damage valves (MC mitral)

characteristic of a myxoma

gelatinous appearance

risks associated with cardiac transplants

transplant rejection and allograft arteriopathy (stenosis of coronary arteries)

after 5 years, 90% of transplants have evidence of _________

ateriopathy