SLP 522 Midterm Review

The end products of articulatory motor processes that represent physical sound realities are called

Speech sounds

communication disorders include what

speech, language, and hearing disorders

What is an example of minimal pairs 

hit —> sit

the subdivision of language dealing with the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is 

semantics 

impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations represent a

phonological disorders

during consonant production, what refers to the vocal fold vibration

voicing

what sound is not considered a sonorant

[s]

what consonant is described as a voiceless velar plosive

[k]

what diphthong is considered to be a nonphonemic diphthong

[ei]

A syllable must have a

peak

if ‘cool’ is transcribed as [ku:l], this indicates that

the [u] sound was produced clearly longer than normal in duration

normal aspiration is typically marked with

a superscript h following the consonant

our own perceptual biases may play a role in our

transcription abilities

The diacritic marker for a dentalized production should be used with interdental sounds such as [θ] and [ð].

false

diacritics are

marks added to sound transcription symbols to give them a particular phonetic value 

Which one of the following would indicate the typical primary stressing of the word

“umbrella”

(/ʌmˈbrɛl.ə/)

why should clinicians use phonetic transcription

identify the errors their clients make during a speech and will use this analysis to design a customized therapy plan to address the specific issues

the international phonetic alphabet offers a one-to-one correspondence between phoneme realizations and

sound symbols

Which one of the following phonetic symbols indicates a closed glottis that is suddenly

released after a build-up of subglottal air pressure?

⟨ʔ⟩

palatalized [s] sounds approach the quality of 

[ʃ] (sh sound)

Which one of the following symbols indicates a voiceless bilabial fricative

[b]

if a child is attempting to produce [g], creating a complete closure, but the place of articulation is uvular, which of the transcriptions would you use? 

[q] (voiceless uvular stop) or [G] (voiced uvular stop)

Which one of the following symbols indicates a sound produced by a single tap

of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge?

[ɾ] (alveolar flap)

Which one of the following phonetic symbols indicates a closed glottis that is

suddenly released after a build-up of subglottal air pressure?

[ʔ] (glottal stop)

The posterior movement of the tongue placement in the direction of the velum

for palatal sounds is referred to as

velarization

the transcription [haps^j] for “hops”. the mark after the [s] indicates that

the [s] was produced posteriorly, it was palatalized

normal aspiration is typically marked in

transcription by a superscripted h [ʰ].

a high-quality audio-recording alone is ______ for documenting assessment and therapy progress

not sufficient

The diacritic marker for a dentalized production is not used with interdental sounds such as 

[θ] and [ð].

in optimality theory, constraints are based on principles of 

markedness

naturalness (as opposed to markedness) relates to the relative simplicity of the sound production and

its high frequency of occurrence in many languages

distinctive features can be used clinically to demonstrate

patterns of errors

according to stampe, phonological processes are

universal and innate rules that govern sound patterns in language.

distinctive features are

The characteristic properties of speech sounds that help distinguish meaning between phonemes.

If a child says [bӕftʌb] for “bathtub” this is an example of which phonological

process?

labialization

If a child says [gʌk] for “duck”, which type of assimilation process has occurred?

velar assimilation

natural sounds are NOT

marked sounds

relative to [p], the affricative [tf] is

unmarked sound

natural sounds are

the sounds that are easier for children to produce compared to marked sounds.

distinctive features can be used to analyze

The phonemic structure of languages.

which fricative is not among later developing sounds

[f]

what are the characteristics of the first-50-word stage

phonetic variability, limited use of syllable structures, limited use of varied segmental productions

phonological awareness uses a single modality

auditory

What is a metaphonological task

the child pointing to the picture which begins with “s” sound

During which prelinguistic stage does the child begin to communicate to adults through imitation games with vocal production

stage 3: vocal play

phonological processing includes

working and long-term memory, coding, phonological awareness

which one of the following refers to the gradual articulatory mastery of speech sound forms within a language?

speech sound development

at approx. age 7 the respiratory function of a child demonstrates

adult-like patterns

quantity and diversity of babbling behavior have been correlated to

later language performance

during which prelinguistic stage does the child produce strings of utterances which are modulated primarily by intonation, rhythm, and pausing

stage 5: jargon

when the child is born, the respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, and articulatory mechanisms are not

structurally and functionally adequate for speech sound production

metaphonological skills are related to

learning to read and write

a standardized speech assessment

always provide a standardized score

a comprehensive phonetic-phonemic evaluation includes

a standardized speech assessment, a conversational speech sample, hearing screening

what information is collected for an independent analysis 

inventory of syllables shapes, speech sounds, the use of any constraints on sound sequences 

the term appraisal refers to the

collection of data

why is stimulability testing important

it can tell you at which level to start in therapy (isolated sound, syllable, word level)

functional assessment of the speech mechanism includes not only whether the client can adequately perform the task on command but also

whether the range of movement is adequate, the movements are integrated and smooth, and the speech of the movements appear adequates

what are characteristic of children with delayed development during the emerging phonological period

small expressive vocabularies, reduced number of syllable shapes, reduced repertoire of consonants 

screening measures do not collect enough data for a

comprehensive assessment

a standardized speech assessment is the not the only necessary tool needed for a

comprehensive phonological evaluation

Pragmatics is

the study of language used to communicate in various social contexts.

what does pragmatics include

conversational skills, body language, facial expressions, and using language flexibility for different listeners and situations

semantics is

the study of linguistic meaning, it covers the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.

semantics include

understanding that some words have multiple meanings (e.g., “bat”) and that different words can have similar meanings (e.g., “dog” and “canine”)

syntax is

the study of the organizational rules for sentences. it dictates words, phrases, and clause order and the relationships between them

an example of syntax is 

“i like chocolate ice cream” follows English syntax, but “ice cream i chocolate like” does not

Morphology is

The study of word structure. It analyzes how words are built from their smallest meaningful units, called morphemes

an example of morphology is

the word bicycle has two morphemes: "bi" (two) and "cycle" (wheel).

Phonotactics is 

the descriptions of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language

an example of phonotactics

 “sh+ v” does not exist in General American English. “sh” + “r” (shrink) or “sh” + “t” (wished) do exist. The “sh” + “v” occurs in the phonological system of German. 

phonetic inventory is

a list of all phones (p,t,g,m,b, etc) including their variations

an example of phonetic inventory is

3-year-olds inventory is [p, b, m, n, t, d, k, g, and vowels]

phonotactic contraints are

the phoneme use is restricted, and the phonemes are not used in all possible word positions

an example of phonotactic constraints are

evidence if a child uses only certain vowels or consonants in specific word positions. [k] could be used at the beginning of a word but not at the end: ‘cat’ would be [kæt], but “cake” would be [keI]

language disorder is

a condition that affects an individual's ability to understand, produce, or use language effectively, impacting communication and social interactions.

speech disorder is

a condition that affects an individual's ability to produce speech sounds correctly, leading to issues with clarity, fluency, or voice quality.

articulation disorder is 

a speech disorder that affects the ability to produce sounds correctly, often resulting in substitutions, omissions, or distortions of speech sounds.

voice disorder is

a condition characterized by abnormal pitch, loudness, resonance, or quality of the voice that interferes with communication.

fluency disorder is

a speech disorder characterized by interruptions in the flow of speech, such as stuttering or excessive repetition of sounds, syllables, or words.

hearing disorder is

a condition that affects an individual's ability to perceive sounds, which can impact speech and language development.

Articulation disorders can include

lisps, distortions, substitutions, or omissions of speech sounds that affect intelligibility.

phonological disorders is

impaired comprehension and/or use of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations

phonological disorders include

fronting, final consonant deletion, and cluster reduction

minimal pairs are

two words that differ in only one phoneme value and are used to demonstrate differences in sounds.

phonology is

the study of how phonemes are organized and function in a language sound system

phonology examines

the rules that govern sound combinations, the distribution of sounds in a language, and the patterns of stress, intonation, and syllable structure

phonetics is 

the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including their production, transmission, and perception.

phonetic uses for an SLP

documenting speech errors (IPA), describing sound features, analyzing dialects, accents, or allophones

phonotactics is

the study of permissible sound combinations and patterns in a given language.

what is one phonotactic possibility that does not exist in general american english

/ŋz/

children with phonological disorders may violate 

phonotactic rules (e.g., inserting illegal clusters or omitting required ones)

brackets are used for

spoken productions [  ]

virgules are use for

phoneme representation / /

voicing is

the term used to denote the presence or absence of simultaneous vocal fold vibration, resulting invoiced or voiceless consonants

presence of vocal fold vibration

voicing

absence of vocal fold vibration

voiceless

cognates

pairs of similar sounds that differ only in their voicing feature

plosives/stops

complete blockage is secured in specific points of the vocal tract, velum is slightly raised, so no air can escape through the nose. Build up of air behind closure and is suddenly released [p, b, t, d, k, g]

fricatives

when the articulators approximate each other so closely that the escaping air causes audible friction noise. velum raised with all fricative sounds [f, v, θ, ð, h]