367 Midterm 2

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Psychology

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157 Terms

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about how many discriminable items to the avg adult?
30,000
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What info is required to identify a distal stimulus?
Light source, reflectance, surface orientation, viewing position
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What is the inverse position problem?
how do you go from the proximal stimulus to identifying the distal stimulus?
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What is underdetermination?
any 2-D image may have many potential 3-D sources that created it
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Viewpoint invariance
ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints; difficult for computers
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Contour
border between light and dark areas in an image
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Ganzfield ("total field"):
sort of sensory deprivation; developed to test for telepathic communication
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What is does Troxler fading in Ganzfield indicate?
sharp luminance contours must be important to visual system
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Microsaccades and their purpose
minute, involuntary, almost imperceptible eye movements that occur during fixations. change the position of the image on the retin
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Eye responds best to what type of stimuli?
Dynamic
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Basis of Gestalt psychology?
movement could be produced by a succession of stationary stimuli, apparent motion cannot be explained by sensations alone
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What does GP minimize the role of?
Past experiences
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What does GP oppose and say instead?
structuralism; "the whole is different than the sum of its parts"
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Illusory contours
contours not present on retina, but still affect contour perception
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what cells are acvtivated by illusory contours?
end-stopped cells
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What two laws overpower proximity?
common region and uniform connectedness
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Pro of GP
holistic
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Cons of GP
operates post hoc; not good for predictions,

not good at explanations,

vague definitions: "simplicity"?
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What theories replaced GP?
Template theories; compare input to a model or "template" stored in memory
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Pro of template theory
successfully used by machines
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cons of template theory?
intolerant to variations in a stimulus, too many templates required, cannot handle novel stimuli, cannot handle context
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What type of theory is pandemonium?
a feature-based theory
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4 Steps of Pandemonium (Selfridge)
image demon (sensory input), feature demon (analyze features), cognitive demon (WHAT is present), decision demon (identify pattern)
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Pros of feature theory
evidence: "feature-detectors" physiologically relate to cells in visual system, can identify wide range of stimuli--just specify component features
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Cons of feature theory
doesn't define "feature": single line segment? two lines forming an angle? curved line?, cannot handle Gestalt organizational principles: when is a row of dots a line?

\
, cannot handle context

\
, what about real-life/3-D objects?
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What is the computational approach? (Marr)
multi-stage approach that applies precise mathematical formulas
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Primal sketch
image analyzed to determine "primitives": contours, object edges...based on natural constraints
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2 ½ -D sketch
primitives are grouped (e.g., via Gestalt principles), and processed using depth information, depends on POV
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3-D Model Rep
3-D component parts and their relations are determined, and matched to stored knowledge to identify object, independent of POV
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which stage of computational approach is avail to conscious?
3-D model
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Pros of comp approach
highly accurate, takes world knowledge into account
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Con of comp approach
difficult to identify neural circuits for this processing
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basis of rec by comp (biederman)
visual scene can be decomposed into basic elements that are constant
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Principle of Componential Recovery
if an object's geons can be determined, then the object can be identified--even if the object is partially obscured
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pros of rec by comp
PRO has well-defined features

PRO can handle variation, novel stimuli

PRO accounts for viewpoint invariance
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cons of rec by comp
CON cannot handle context

CON may be too --objects also differ in their details (i.e. telling apart two different similar birds)

CON not all 3-D - objects easily decompose into parts (e.g., puddle)
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What did Thouless find?
observers never produced correct projective view; there was always some shape constancy at work

* critical factor in shape constancy: knowing your viewing angle/orientation of the object
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What did Biderman find with location?
observers did worse identifying familiar items in an impossible location (position violation) than in an unlikely location (probability violation) or normal location (no violation)
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Perceptual set
predisposition to interpret a stimulus in a particular way, based on past experience or knowledge
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Stroop effect
you can't help but read the words
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Perceptual priming
perceiving and identifying an object is affected by previous experience with that object (or another one similar in form)
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Schemas
mental structures that help us organize the world into a coherent, meaningful whole....LEARNED
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Pareidolia
illusion or misperception involving a vague or obscure stimulus being perceived as something clear and distinct
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parapsychology
scientific study of phenomena produced by living beings that cannot be explained by known scientific laws and forces
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Ecological approach assumptions
emphasized evolution; all info required for perception is available in the environment (bottom-up);

the visual scene is analyzed in terms of whole objects & surfaces, not edges, colours, etc. that comprise objects; perception is direct, immediate "resonate to the stimulus"
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behaviourist
Ecological approach is a _____ approach to perception
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CHANGE
in optic flow, what rate is constant?
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affordances
the possibilities for action offered by objects and situations
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pro and con of ecological theory
identifying invariants adds to understanding;

perceptual processing exists; is important
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lateral IP
represents location you plan to move your eyes to ("saccade planning area")
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medial IP
represents area one can reach to; responds to visual and somatosensory input ("parietal reach region")
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ventral IP
responds to moving nearby visual input/tactile input to face; important for feeding behaviour
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anterior IP
represents important shape information for grasping objects; located between sensory and motor areas
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Types of AIP neurons
motor dominant (action, not SEEING), visual-dominant (action LIGHT), visual and motor (CUE not action, in light more than dark),
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visuomotor grip cells
(seeing and grasping)
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Anterior IP into brain process...
AIP --> intraparietal sulcus neurons --> premotor and motor cortex
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Mirror neurons (MNs): activated when
goal-directed action is performed, and when a similar action is observed
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activation found in areas of human premotor cortex when
reading a literal phrase or watching a video of fruit being bitten or a pen being grasped

* but not by a metaphorical phrase
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hypergoal
MNs require comprehension of the...
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anterior intraparietal sulcus
less activity in ____ when viewing endoskeleton
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Theory of mind:
cognitive capacity to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions different from one's own; and the ability to form a theory as to these mental states
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Sally-anne test
how was the theory of mind tested?
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anosognosia
denying of paralysis and that of other patients...implies mirror neuron system
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Patient M.P.
Damage to temporal lobe, impairing ability to name objects, Identified object more rapidly when given a cue referring to the object's function
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Information Provided by Motion

1. attracts our attention
2. provides information about the object's three-dimensional shape
3. provides information that helps us segregate figure from ground
4. provides information that enables us to interact with the environment
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What handles motion?
MAGNO, not parvo
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Reichardt Motion-Detector Circuit depends a lot on...
timing!
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problems with Reichardt Motion-Detector Circuit
following a moving object with your eyes (pursuit): object is perceived as moving, even though retinal position doesn't change

sweeping your eyes across a stationary scene (saccade)--it appears to remain motionless
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Solution to Reichardt Motion-Detector Circuit problem
take motion of eyes into account

\
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Corollary Discharge Theory Based on:
image displacement signal, motor signal, corollary discharge signal, comparator
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IDS
detects motion across retina
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Motion will not be detected when...
there is both a CDS and IDS
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Motion perception with Corollary Discharge Theory (4 ways)

1. observing afterimage in a dark room (retinal image stationary, eyes moving)
2. pushing on eyeball but keeping eyes stationary (muscles push back, causing CDS)
3. Pursuit: moving object, eyes move with it (e.g., tracking a car driving past: no IDS)
4. eyes paralyzed, try to move your eyes (retinal image stationary, but CDS sent) Eye cannot move but since the CDS is sent, you get a sense of the room moving
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timing
apparent motion perception depends on
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simultaneity
< 30 ms:
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60 ms
continuous movement
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\>200 ms
succession (completely different sets)
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SOA Law:
changes in ISI and frame duration do not affect motion perception unless there is also a change in SOA
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Motion correspondence problem
which elements in frame 1 correspond with which elements in frame 2?
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Nearest-Neighbour Principle
select alternative that minimizes overall "traveling distance" of elements
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Striate cortex and motion
direction of motion across small receptive fields
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Middle temporal area and motion
direction and speed of motion
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Medial superior temporal area and motion
locating and reaching for moving objects
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superior temporal sulcus and motion
motion related to animals and people
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spoke matched to another at rate of 90 °/frame correctly appears to rotate
clockwise
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spoke matched to another at rate of 270 °/frame incorrectly appears to rotate
counterclockwise
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identifying humans with point-light walkers is associated with increased activity in
superior temporal sulcus
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pros of uncanny valley
✓ may provide framework for making robots/CGI characters more humanlike

✓ may contribute to an understanding of social interaction
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cons of uncanny valley
❌shinwakan may be a confounding of strange/familiar and eerie/not eerie (MacDorman, 2006)

❌ criticized as pseudoscientific

❌ evidence equivocal
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2 motion requirements (for film)
on-screen image must be flicker-free

slightly different frames must be shown in succession
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short-range motion detection
low-level; occurs within small visual angles (15-20'); governs real motion of stimuli
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long-range motion detection
higher-level; occurs in larger visual angles (20'-6°); mechanism for apparent motion
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Does colour exist in the world?
No; only in your mind
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crypsis
camouflage, concealment, or disruption with respect to the surrounding environment
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concealing colouration
type of crypsis; animal has same colour as its environment
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disruptive colouration
type of crypsis: pattern breaks up outline so one individual doesn't stand out; may also produce "motion dazzle"
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mimesis
camouflage or concealment by imitation of another object
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disguise
type of mimesis; animal looks like another, unimportant object to predator or prey
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mimicry
type of mimesis; animal looks like other distasteful or dangerous animal
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only ______ colours can be hues
spectral (colours in the rainbow)