5/11 Tests

Expires 5/11

Baroque means: + 5 characteristics

Irregular: Order lacking, dramatic scenes, exaggerated movement, religious ideas through realism, heavy ornamentation

Ecstasy of St Teresa Story + Statues

Spanish saint’s religious vision: swooning with love of Good whilst angel pierces her heart.

Theatre boxes of Cornaro family on the side, window blocks light rays = divine.

Sistine Chapel 3 things

Bold colour contrast, strength & elegance balance, sculptural quality (because he’s sculptor)

Fresco

Arricio (plaster), sinopia (red pigment), intonaca (section), giornata (day’s work while wet)

Dutch Golden Age started how?

80 year war from religious prosecution and high taxes. Ended with Peace of Westphalia, created Dutch Republic. Trade from large merchant class: economic prosperity, shows independence and cultural pride.

Netherlandish characteristics (3)

No extravagance, reality & religion = in subject matter, confidence with human figure (fabric and mirror)

Arnolfini marriage meaning

Validates marriage, dead wife memorial, symbol of wealth

Sistine Chapel purpose?

Gathering place for College of Cardinals to elect new pope

Conversion of St Paul story

Blinded by divine light, welcomes Christianity, hearing voice of god

Name the baroque artist & pieces

Bernini: Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Caravaggio: Conversion of St Paul, Supper at Emmaus

School of Athens symbolism

Plato up red purple, Aristotle down brown blue

The Arnolfini Marriage by and commissioned

Jan Van Eyck, Phillip the Good (Duke of Burgundy)

Drama in Conversion of St Paul

Tenebrism, Chiaroscuro, Horse hoof dynamism, realism = drama

Lamentation Faces

Figures natural and animated, Angels theatrical and chaotic

Arnolfini marriage symbolism (4)

Dog = fidelity, Velvet = Luxury, 1 candle = sacredness, all seeing eye of god, Hand-up = oath of marriage

Early Netherlandish why?

Prosperity from Cosmopolitan Market, Merchants & patrons attracted (Medici Family rule Florence)

Arnolfini what made of, where

Oil on oak panel, Low Countries (Belgium & Luxembourg)

Oil paint, turpentine, varnish

Glazes, slow drying, blending, vibrancy: solvent, glossiness. Made of linseed oil.

Lamentation of the Death of Christ - Where, what made of, who’s in it

Arena/Scrovegni Chapel, fresco, Virgin Mary, Christ, his disciples, angels

Lamentation 3-dimensionality

Foreshortening of angels, foreground, aerial perspective, figures overlapping

Lamentation Naturalism

Poses show emotions, everybody’s individualised, light shade, faces

Lamentation religious stuff

Symbolism: leafless tree = tree of knowledge + death of Christ (renewal of life through resurrection), halos = holiness, Jesus focal point w/ eyelines and rocky incline

The Last Supper material and story

Fresco, Oil, Tempera, Plaster: 12 disciples feast before crucifixion, one will betray him, they react (judas in shadow)

Perspective, balance and depth in Last Supper

Atmospheric perspective in window, Linear perspective, table = perspective (separates order from chaos)

Some very nice words

Individualised, realism, Tonal modelling, Anatomical, dramatic, detail, clarity, naturalism

Last Supper and Mona Lisa figure symbolism

Triangle = balance and stability

Who’s in Mona Lisa?

Lisa Geraldini, wife of Francesco Di Gioaltra (wealthy merchant)

Sfumato

blending, soft, smoke-like, subtle transition, soft edges

Some colour and portrait points of Mona Lisa

warm front = advancing, NEW ¾ view, arms on armrest = distance w/ audience, high points of contrast on body attract, hair & dress frame face

Sistine Chapel subject matter, material and depiction

Chronological Book of Genesis (panels = narrative composition), middle is creation of Adam: 3d definition, crisp edges

_____ Sibyl + Conventions

Libyan: Male model, balance, tromp l’oiel recessed area depth, tonal modelling: light dark contrast - colour contrast w/ marble.

Raphael?

Lived to be 37, but extensive works.

Where School of Athens?

Stanza della signatura (library): philosophy, theology, poetry, jurisprudence

How School of Athens Ancient Greek and Roman

Meander, Statues of Apollo and Minerva, plato and aristotle, linear perspective: humans centre of all thing, based on Plato’s academy: philosophers

Bernini symbolism

Heavy v. Light drapery

Baroque when and why

1600-1700s: extravagant for Catholic, Humble for protestant countries, autocratic rulers want to flaunt wealth, protestantism and counter revolution

Caravaggio in hot water

Fled Rome after killing a man in an argument, rejected as holy figures supposed to be ideal, divine.

Tenebrism vs Chiaroscuro

Tenebrism: overall darkness and tonal contrast, obscures part of painting

Chiaroscuro: accentuates highlights, shadows, depth and illumination, strong lighting

Supper at Emmaus story

Risen Christ recognised while cutting bread

Ordinary + welcoming. in supper at emmaus

Furniture, characters, hand out, basket over table

Genre Painting vs Vanitas vs Still Life/Even

Ordinary Scenes vs candles hourglasses skulls vs inanimate objects depicting philosophy and politics

Delftware

Glazed white & Blue tile from Vermeer’s childhood: shows cupid next to footwarmer = lasciviousness

Intimacy and realism in The Kitchen Maid

Concentration = tranqulity. Master of light and shade (seen in pale forearms), rendering faces

Just name all the paintings and arts, go on then

wow

Plato and Aristotle’s books, along with Heraclitus model and architecture

Timaeus, ethics, Michelangelo (worked a few doors away, figures similar, barrel vault and pilaster - Bromantean design for St Peter has lots of geometry

Who commission Sistine Chapel

Pope Sixtus IV

Renaissance old and new subjects

Chrisitan worship and symbology, new roman history and mythology

Mannerism and Humanism

End of high renaissance, deliberate distortion and exaggeration of perspective. Humans centre of universe, rebirth of Ancient greek and romans

Vasari

Giorgio vasari, first art historian, first chapter on Giotto - perspective

Subjective Frame

What do you see?

What do you feel?

What is the intent of the artist?

How does the artist want the audience to react?

Does this match how you think audiences will react?

Do the colours and shapes used evoke any emotions?

What does the artwork remind you of?

Structural Frame

What materials have been used?

Describe the visual language of line, shape, colour, texture, tone, focal point, visual devices lighting, composition, and space.

What style, period, or art movement does this artwork belong to? How do you know?

What materials and processes have been used?

What symbolic value do the elements and objects in the artwork convey?

Conventions

Cultural Frame

What cultural group, race, place, identity is represented?

Are spiritual beliefs explored? Secular or religious?

How do these cultural and social meanings affect the art practices of this artist?

Transnational corporation

A large company that has a head office in one country and subsidary offices in other countries. They influence national and global economies through the manufacturing, distribution and consumer industries.

Why do TNC’s manufacture in LEDCs

large pool of labour, low wages and taxes and fewer restrictions.

Low ____ _____, Globalisation, Tourism Jobs

Low Southern Clockwise, Interconnections between countries socially & economically, 320M

Cultural Globalisation & 3 Others

Increased similarites, INTEGRATION: Sharing ideas, EROSION: lost cultural diversity, HOMOGENISATION OF LANDSCAPES: similarities despite geographical distance

WTO wat du

164 members, cover 95% of trade, promotes free and fair trade (including LEDCs): removing barriers (tariffs, quotas and farm subsidies)

Area ref, area

easting (down) then northings (across), 1cm2 on ground, area on map, times together

how A380 increase globalisation?

Increase passenger numbers, reduce travel costs and times.

negative social impacts of globalisation

Cultural erosion (1 language lost a fortnight), Homogenisation of languages (Shibuya, NYC), Venice: AirBnB lowered venetian pop, souvenirs crafstmanship down (Venetian masks), misinformation

Venice Stats

50% income on rent, tourists 100:1, 86% economy on tourism, hit and run 73%, contribute 18%, cruise 1Mx more than cars pollution

FTA Benefits

Access to new markets, cheaper & greater range of items, strengthens diplomatic relationships

BALI impacts

Culture altar losing Bahasa Bali, 60% GDP tourism jobs, deforestation, clear vegetation by burning, orangutans, smoke respiratory disease, school airport close

Containerisation stats

95% of all manufactured goods by 2017, costs reduced 75%, 2$ TV China to AUS

Essay

Defs, repeat Q, case studies, 1 point per paragraph, repeat Q, no new info

Aquifers

Underground stores of fresh water between permeable and impermeable layer

Positive economic impacts of globalisation

FTAS = Diplomacy between countries, Trade = Specialise: Cheaper diverse range, Tourism: global growth of GDP (9%) + employment

Tariff, what why

Tax on imports, prop up homegrown industries, generate government revenue, address trade imbalances

Quotas and Subsidy

import restriction, government payment to encourage trade, keep costs low

Shipping environmentally

3% of global CO2

Latitude and Longitude, Climate graphs, Local Relief, Gradient

N/S, E/W (60 minutes in a degree), Temperature on left as a line, highest minus lowest points, Rise:Run

Evapotranspiration, assimilation,

Water absorbed by plants from the soil, then evaporated into the atmosphere, one group takes cultural norms of another

Types of Tourist

• Organised mass tourist: Package, fixed itinerary, does not venture from hotel

• Individual mass tourist: Package with itinerary, accommodation w/ side tours or hire car

• Explorer: Arrange own trip, go off beaten track but good accommodation, attempt local language

• Drifter: May live/work with local community, shuns tourists, takes risks in seeking experiences.

Why has tourism increased?

• It’s quicker

• Airlines and tour companies offer cut-price deals, increase of competitors = cheaper

• Increased awareness and knowledge sparked desire to see world

• Public has more leisure time and disposable income

Venice spatially, why it’s popular, how many visit?

• Spatial: Capital of the Veneto region on the Adriatic Sea. Has 117 islands, 400 bridges, 150+ canals

• Why it’s popular: It doesn’t have any cars, it has a rich history dating over 1200 years, it’s beautiful...

• How many tourists visited? 5.7 million in 2023.

Silicon

• 1998: under 4M phones in Africa, now: ½ a bil

  • Connect farmer and customer easier in Kenya

  • Availability of information (marketing strats)

• Silicon industry = USA 4th largest export

• $3 TRILLION in TECH INDUSTRY

Industries

• Primary industry: natural resources (corn)

• Secondary industry: products from natural resources (tins of corn)

• Tertiary industry: sells products or services (supermarket)

• Quaternary industry: information (marketing team)

Balance of Trade

difference between money earned from export and spent on import

Economic Globalisation, FTA

• integration of national economies into the international economy.

• FTA: 2+ countries establish agreement where trade in goods and services conducted without quotas or tariffs. Free trade zones created with these, areas with less trade restrictions.

Why choose to trade?

• attract new business and foregin investments with FTAs

  • LEDCs: offer mroe job opportunities, business options, manufacturing options

  • Generally, the world is better off when countries import products that are produced more efficiently and cheaply abroad.

  • gain access to goods they cannot produce efficiently, take advantage of their unique resources and endowments (like land, labor, or capital), and benefit from specialization through comparative advantage

Parts of a drainage basin

(an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point): Tributary: A small river flowing into a bigger one, the point where they meet is the confluence. The source is where a river starts, the mouth is where it ends. The catchment area is where water flows into the river. The watershed is the boundary of this area.

Parts of the water cycle

Transpiration from plants → condensation → transporation → precipitation → surface runoff → infiltration, percolation, groundwater and bedrock, or rivers to the sea → absorbed by plants.

This cycle shows that the water cycle is a closed system.

Solid ice and snow can turn directly into gas (sublimation). The opposite happens to water vapor (deposition)

They move through Earth’s four spheres - atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere

Sources of water

Surface water (0.3%): oceans, lakes, rivers, streams. Groundwater (30%): moves through aquifers and connected with river systems (aquifer= body of porous rock or saturated sediment with groundwater). Frozen (70%): glaciers and ice sheets. Water vapour: weather and climate, made by evaporation of water or sublimation of ice

Oh no synoptic charts

• Isobars, join equal pressure

• High pressure = gentle, anticlockwise in Southern Hemisphere. Numbers going up.

• Cold front, cold air overtakes slower moving warm air. Numbers going down

• Measured in hectopascals

• Trough = area of relatively low pressure, dashed lines

• Anticyclone = High pressure

• Rain = Diagonal Lines

• Wind direction equals where from (from west = westerly)

• Cold front = triangles = icicles

  • Cold air coming, rain and stuff

  • Warm = semicircles=half suns

  • Rain, but steady

• Approximating: > x hpa and < x hpa

types of map

• aerial

• oblique aerial

• satellite

• ground

• topographic

• thematic/political

• cadastral -->

COCOA STATS

200M spent on Easter, 6.7% market share to farmers, 100B generated a year, 2$ a day = intergenerational poverty, runoff = bioaccumulation, miss school

2 new venetian economic stats

280M euros, not to central businesses. 5 euro fee for day trippers. (also, 86% GDP!)

Bali new economic

Migrant tourists from Java to Bali > Local no tourism Balinese