Cells to Org MCQ2

homeostasis

maintaining a constant internal environment

internal environment

fluid compartments of the body

Order of Sensory

Sensory → Transduction → Transmission → Perception → Response

Afferent Division

Toward CNA - Sensory stimuli and visceral stimuli

Efferent division

Away from CNS - Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Visceral afferent

incoming pathway for info from internal viscera

Sensory afferent

somatic sensation - arise from body surface and proprioception special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell)

PNS

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Motor System

part of somatic nervous system and carries signals to skeletal muscle for voluntary movement

Autonomic Nervous System

regulates smooth and cardiac muscles for involuntary movement

Sympathetic division

part of autonomic nervous system and regulates arousal and energy generation

Parasympathetic Nervous System

part of autonomic nervous system - antagonistic effects on target organs

Ganglion

collection of cell bodies in PNS

Grey matter

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. - motor nuerons

White matter

bundles of myelinated axons - autonomic nervous system

Brain stem

mid brain, pons, and medulla

Midbrain

recieves and integrates sensory info to specific regions of the brain

Pons and Medulla

transfer info between PNS, midbrain, and. forebrain

Medulla

controls basci functions (breathing and swallowing)

Piencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Cerebrum

controls skeleton muscle contraction. - center of learning, emotion, memory, perception

Cerebral Cortex

outer layer of cerebrum

Corpus callosum

thick band of axons, enables right and left cerebral cortices to communicate

Muscle tissue

responsible for nearly all body movement - actin and myosin filaments

skeletal muscles

• responsible for voluntary movement

• attach to antagonistic pairs

• sarcomeres

locomotion

movement through space

graded contractions

number and rate of fibers controlled by nervous system

tetanus

sustained muscle contraction

smooth muscles

• responsible for involuntary movement

• found in the walls of hollow organs

• slow contractions

• lack striations - actin and myosin. not regularly arrayed

cardiac muscles

• responsible for heart contractions

• striated cells electrically connected by intercalated disks with gap junctions

• generate action potential w/o neural input

• no tetanic contraction

• can change shape and mass

Water soluble hormones

polypeptides and amines

• secreted by exocytosis

• travel freely in bloodstream

• bind to cell-surface receptors

Lipid soluble hormones

steroids

• diffuse across cell membrane

• travel bound to transport proteins

• diffuse though target protein cell membrane

Endocrine glands

ductless organs where endocrine cells are grouped

Hypothalamus

coordinates endocrine signalling

Posterior pituitary

stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary

makes and releases hormones - regulated by hypothalamus

Adrenal medulla

secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

Adrenal cortex

secretes corticosteroids

Sec hormones

adrogens, estrogens, and progesterone

Testes

male reproductive structures that synthesize androgens (mainly testosterone)

Oestrogens

maintenance of female reproductive structures

Progesterine

preparing and maintaining uterus for pregnancy

Type 1 diabetes

lack of insulin secretion

Type 2 diabetes

normal or increased insulin but reduced sensitivity of target cells

Diaphram

seperates adominal and thoracic cavity

Blood

55% plasma, 45% cellular elements

cardiac cycle

rhythmic cycle of heart contractions

cardiac output

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute

• heart rate x stroke volume

Autonomic Nervous System cardiac

regulates cardiac function

Parasympatheic cardiac

innervates SA nodes and slows heart rate

Sympathetic cardiac

innervates SA nodes and increases heart rate

Autorhythmic activity

initiates heart rate

P wave in heart rate

atrial depolarization

QRS complex and T wave in heart rate

ventricular depolarization

Tachycardia

fast heart rate

Bradycardia

slow heart rate

Haemodynamics

fluids move from ragions of high pressure to low pressure

Breathing

• controlled by the medulla

• in: ribcage expands and rib muscles contract

• out: ribcage gets smaller and rib muscles relax

Haemoglobin

transports 98.5% of oxygen

Lymph vessels

tubes that collect excess interstitial fluid, waste, and pathogens from tissues and return them to blood circulation

Oedema

buildup of fluid in interstitium

• reduced plasma proteins

• increased capillary permeability

• increased venous pressure

• lymph blockage

Osmoregulation

balances uptake and loss of water and solutes

Renal system

produces urine

renal system: filatration

filtering of plasma

renal system: reabsoption

reclaiming valuble solutes

renal system: secretion

adding nonessential solutes and wastes to filtrate

renal system: excretion

processed filtrate with nitrogenous waste released

Bowman’s capsule

salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and nitrogenous waste

proximal tubule

reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients

descending limb

reabsorption of water through channels by aquaporins

ascending limb

salt but not water able to diffuse from tubule into interstitial fluid

Distal tubule

regulates K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids

Collecting duct

carries filtratee through medulla to renal pelvis

Blood pressure

resistance of blood flow in narrow diameters of tiny capillaries

Vasodilation

relaxation of smooth muscles to decrease blood pressuree

Vasocontriction

contraction of smooth muscles to increase blood pressure

total peripheral resistance

combined resistance of all blood vessels

baroreceptors

specialized nerve endings that respond to stretch of vessel wall

• located in carotid sinus and aortic arch

Renin-angiotensin-aldosteronee system

hormonal system that regulates blood pressure, blood volume, and sodium balance

hypertension

high blood pressure where blood force against artery walls is consistently too high