Life 103 Final Exam

Circulatory System

The system that connects the fluid surrounding cells with organs for gas exchange, nutrient absorption, and waste disposal.

Open circulatory system

A circulatory system where hemolymph bathes the organs directly.

Closed circulatory system

A circulatory system where blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid.

Single circulation

A type of blood circulation in which blood passes through two capillary beds before returning to the heart, found in bony fish and sharks.

Double circulation

A type of blood circulation with two pathways: pulmonary circulation (in lungs) and systemic circulation (to the body), characteristic of reptiles and mammals.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, thicker than veins due to higher blood pressure.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood from capillaries back to the heart.

Capillaries

Thin blood vessels where chemical exchange occurs, allowing O2 and CO2 to diffuse.

Lymph

Fluid lost by capillaries, which is filtered by lymph nodes.

Gas exchange

The process of supplying O2 for cellular respiration and disposing of CO2.

Countercurrent exchange system

A mechanism in gills where blood flows opposite to water to maximize oxygen extraction.

Innate immunity

The body's natural, non-specific first line of defense against pathogens present from birth.

Adaptive immunity

A specialized part of the immune system that provides long-lasting, specific protection against pathogens.

Antigens

Substances that elicit a response from specific immune cells such as B or T cells.

Plasma cells

Effector cells that secrete antibodies to attack pathogens.

Osmoregulation

The control of solute concentrations and fluid loss within the body.

Osmoconformers

Organisms that are isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate osmolarity.

Osmoregulators

Organisms that expend energy to control water uptake and loss.

Nitrogenous wastes

Waste products from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids, excreted in forms like ammonia, urea, or uric acid.

Excretory systems

Tubular structures in animals that handle filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of wastes.

Asexual reproduction

Creation of offspring without the fusion of male and female gametes.

Sexual reproduction

Formation of offspring through the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in genetic variability.

Gametogenesis

The process of producing gametes for sexual reproduction.

Spermatogenesis

The formation of sperm.

SRPLS

systemic, right, pulmonary, left, systemic

Blood enters through an ——- and is pumped out through a ——-

Atrium; ventricle

Gills

Outfoldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange. They use a countercurrent exchange system where blood flows in the opposite direction to water

Tracheal system

A network of branching tubes throughout the body. These tubes supply O2 to the body, and are separate from the circulatory system.