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``What is learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Key figures in learning

Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Naturally triggers a response

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Learned trigger

Acquisition

Learning the association

Extinction

Weakening of response

Spontaneous recovery

Reappearance after extinction

Generalization

Similar stimuli trigger response

Discrimination

Distinguishing between stimuli

Reinforcement vs punishment

Reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases

Positive reinforcement

Add stimulus to increase behavior

Negative reinforcement

Remove stimulus to increase behavior

Positive punishment

Add stimulus to decrease behavior

Negative punishment

Remove stimulus to decrease behavior

Reinforcement schedules

Fixed/variable ratio and interval

Observational learning

Learning by watching others

Bobo doll study

Showed imitation of behavior

Behavior modification

Using learning principles to change behavior

3 memory processes

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Sensory memory

Brief sensory storage

Short-term memory

Limited capacity (7±2 items)

Working memory

Active processing and storage

Long-term memory types

Declarative and procedural

Declarative memory

Facts and events

Procedural memory

Skills and habits

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Rapid forgetting over time

Misinformation effect

Memory distortion from misleading info

False memories

Inaccurate recollections

H.M. case

Hippocampus involved in memory formation

Concepts

Mental categories

Algorithms

Step-by-step solutions

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts

Mental set

Sticking to old solutions

Confirmation bias

Favoring existing beliefs

Availability heuristic

Based on easy recall

Representativeness heuristic

Based on similarity

Framing effect

Influenced by wording

Phonemes

Smallest sound units

Morphemes

Smallest meaning units

Syntax

Grammar rules

Spearman’s g

General intelligence factor

Sternberg theory

Analytical, creative, practical intelligence

Fluid intelligence

Problem-solving ability

Crystallized intelligence

Knowledge and experience

Average IQ

100

Nature vs nurture

Genes vs environment

Piaget stages

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal operational

Object permanence

Objects continue to exist when unseen

Egocentrism

Self-centered thinking

Conservation

Quantity remains the same despite changes in form

Assimilation

Fitting new info into existing schema

Accommodation

Changing schema to fit new info

Attachment types

Secure and insecure

Parenting styles

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved

Erikson adolescence

Identity vs role confusion

Young adulthood

Intimacy vs isolation

Middle adulthood

Generativity vs stagnation

Kohlberg stages

Levels of moral reasoning

Emerging adulthood

Ages 18–25

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