Radiation protection/ radiation biology - Test 3

Messenger RNA

Is a replication of half of the DNA that is able to escape the cell’s nucleus and enter the cytoplasm where it directs the cell’s protein synthesis process

Ribosomal RNA

Helps the transfer RNA attach itself to the ribosome

Transfer RNA

Receives the genetic code from the messenger RNA and then combines with the amino acids and attaches them to the ribosomes so that proteins can be synthesized

Cell membrane

Surrounds and encases the human cell as a barricade although it is frail and semipermeable. It controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell

Nucleus

• Is a sphere of protoplasm that contains at least one nucleosus which manufactures and holds RNA and protein

• It controls division and multiplication of the cell as well as biochemical actions in the cell

Cytoplasm

• Makes up the majority of the cell and is primarily composed of water

• This is where organic material is broken down to produce energy and waste is eliminated from the cell

Cystoplasmic organelles

The little organs housed within the cell

Ribosomes

• Responsible for receiving the blueprints for protein synthesis as directed by the DNA

• Then, it assembles amino acid chains into proteins

Mitochondria

Cellular powerhouses that supply the cell with energy

Endoplasmic reticulum

The highway of the cell allowing mRNA to travel from the nucleus to its cellular destination

Centrosomes

Play a role in the formation of the mitotic spindle

Golgi apparatus

Concentrates, packages, and transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the blood stream, and go to wherever they are required in the body

Lysosomes

The garbage disposals of the cells that contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted molecules in the cell

Solving for Relative Biologic effectiveness (RBE)

RBE= x-ray dose at 250 kVp required to produce a biologic effect mystery/ test radiation dose required to produce the same biologic effect

Protoplasm

protoplasm is what is responsible for Cellular reception and processing of food and oxygen, the elimination of waste products, and cellular metabolism.

What is the chemical building material for all living things and it is what cells are made of?

protoplasm

organic compound found in the protoplasm are those that contain what?

Carbon

if a cell's molecular synthesis components are damaged, what could happen to the cell?

It could die or behave abnormally

how many cells does the human body have?

Trillions

how many chromosomes does the normal human being have in each sematic cell, or non reproductive cell?

46

How many chromosome does the normal human reproductive cell have?

23

how much of the cell's protoplasm is made up of water?

80-85%

What exists in the cell that aids in energy production and in the conduction of nerve impulses as well as the prevention of muscle cramps?

Electrolytes

what are the most elementary building blocks of cells that are essential for growth and repair of tissues?

Proteins

what is the short- term energy warehouses or the body that provide the fuel necessary for cellular metabolism?

Carbohydrates

what is the name of the protein that mends the cell following a small amount of radiation induced damage?

Repair enzymes

what is the primary energy source for the cell?

glucose

what is the master chemical of the cell?

DNA

What's DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

So the DNA that makes up every chromosome is divided into hundreds of segments called what?

Genes

the process of locating and identifying genes in the genome is called what?

Mapping

water moves across cell membranes into areas where there is a high concentration of ions in order to balance the ions in our cells, which keeps cellular fluid content regulated. This is termed what?

Osmosis

what is the primary inorganic substance in the human body?

Water

The chemical processes that must occur collectively in order for the cell to sustain life are called what?

Metabolism

what transports materials that the cell will use to the cell and transport cellular waste away from the cell. It also maintains a constant core body temp of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. It is also used to lubricate the digestive system as well as the joints. 
What am I talking about here? What does all this?

Water

what is the last phase and considered the division phase of the cells life cycle?

Mitosis

What is the period of cell growth that occurs before cellular division?

Interphase

how does radiation cause biological damage to human cells? through the process of what?

Ionization

when a cell in the body is ionized, that means an electron has been knocked out. And when that happens, what can those cells not properly do?

bond with other cells, or create molecules

the relative capabilities of radiation with differing linear energy transfers to produce a particular biologic reaction is the what?

RBE

Free radicals are produced when ionizing radiation interacts with what in the cell?

Water

the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen and private environment to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions is the what?

Oxygen enhancement ratio

what is the molecular decomposition of a substance by ionizing radiation called?

Radiolysis

what kind of death occurs when the cell doesn't die, but it permanently loses its ability to procreate or divide?

Reproductive death

this type of cellular death occurs in the interface portion of the cellular life cycle before the cell attempts to divide. what's that one?

Apoptosis

this type of cellular death occurs when a cell dies after one or more divisions and it's caused by small doses of radiation. What’s that called?

Mitotic or generic death

give me an example of a differentiated cell. What is a differentiated cell?

A mature specialized cell with little cellular radiation and not as sensitive to radiation

What’s an undifferentiated cell?

Non specialized, immature, and very sensitive to radiation

You need to list the two components of chromosomes. What are they?

Protein and DNA

What is the basic unit of heredity?

Gene

The human _____ is the total amount of genetic material or DNA contained within the chromosomes of a human being.

Genome

The human genome _____ succeeded in deciphering the human genome in 2001. when they uncovered the entire sequence of nitrous bases in all 46 chromosomes

Project

you need to know the four subphases of cellular division in chronological order

• interphase

• prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

In which of those stages is chromosome damage visible under a microscope?

Metaphase

The transfer of energy from the radiation source of the exposed medium along its passage or track through the medium is termed what?

LET (linear energy transfer)

What is linear energy transfer measured in?

kEv per micrometer (kilo-electron volts)

give me one example of high LET radiation

Alpha particles (has a quality factor of 20)

Give me one example of low LET radiation

• X-rays

• Gamma rays

the fact that electromagnetic waves can sometimes be referred to as a photon and sometimes as a particle is the concept known as _____ ______ _____

Wave particle duality

Direct DNA damage occurs when ______ interacts with and harms the DNA

Radiation

Indirect DNA damage occurs when ____ _____ interacts with and harms the DNA

free radicals

When water molecules are broken apart in the cell, some of the smaller molecules become damaging _______.

Free radicals

what are the two free radicals produced in water via radiolysis called?

• hydroxyl

• Hydrogen

of those two free radicals, which is the most biologically damaging?

Hydroxyl

DNA strand brakes are called what kind of mutation?

Point mutations/ lesions

Double strand breaks in the DNA that occur at the level of the same rung of the DNA ladder cause complete _____ of the DNA and the chromosome.

Breakage

If a nitrogenous base loses its correct genetic sequence, a ______ in the DNA results

Mutation

the target theory states that if the cell is ionized in the ______ , cell death is more likely than if the cell is ionized in another cellular structure.

Master molecule / key molecule

Apoptosis is what kind of cellular depth?

Programmed cellular death

Give me an example of when a apoptosis occurs in the human body

the cells that form the webbing of our fingers and toes in the embryonic stage undergoes a apoptosis before we are born

what is failure of the cell to start dividing on time as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation just before mitosis?

Mitotic delay

give me give me a couple of examples of radio sensitive cells

• Basal cells of the skin

• Reproductive Germ cells

• Blood cells (lymphocytes/ erythrocytes)

• Intestinal crypt cells

Of all the blood cells out there, what is the most sensitive to radiation?

Lymphocytes

Give me the radio insensitive cells

• nerve cells

• Muscle cells

• Brain cells

The law of Burgonie and tribondeau states that the radio sensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their _____ activity. And inverely proportional to their degree of ______.

Reproductive; differentiation

LD 50, 30 means that following an exposure to a lethal dose of ionizing radiation, ____ percent of the population will die within ____ days.

50%; 30

Is electrolyte balance essential for normal functioning of our cells and organs?

Yes

How do somatic cells divide via?

Mitosis

germ cells divide via?

Meiosis

can high LET radiation increase the cells level of radio sensitivity?

Yes

as radiation dose goes up, what happens to cells survival rates?

It goes down

Can low doses of high LET radiation cause an immediate biological response in cellular death?

Yes

When a chromosome is broken during mitosis, what does that mean?

Permanent chromosome abnormalities will be noted in future mitotic cycles

Most cellular damage results from what?

Indirect radiation

for cellular or organic damage to occur, the initial effect always begins at what level?

Molecular level

cells that are in an anaerobic state versus cells in an aerobic state, Who is going to be more sensitive to radiation?

cells in an aerobic state

Is DNA considered a micro molecule or a macro molecule?

Macro

Which is more penetrating? High LET or low LET?

Low LET

high LET radiation do does most of its DNA damage via what kind of action?

Direct

low LET does most of its DNA damage via?

Indirect action

Double strand DNA breaks versus single strand breaks. which is the harder to repair?

Double

low LET is likely to cause a single or a double strand break in the DNA?

Single strand break

Which one comes from the same egg?

Identical

which occurs when a parent cell divides to ultimately form four granddaughter cells each with 23 chromosomes?

Meiosis (reduction division)

______ occurs when a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, which are identical to the parent cells have each having 46 chromosomes

Mitosis

With mitosis, what part of the cell divides first?

Nucleus followed by the cytoplasm

As cellular reproduction activity goes up, what happens to its radio sensitivity?

It goes up

As the mitotic phase link is longer, as it goes up, what happens to what happens to cell radio sensitivity?

It goes up