Radical Opposition towards Nicholas II

When was the Socialist revolutionary Party established ?

1902

What did the SR’s believe in?

* Land distribution
* Marxism
* Peasant challenging autocracy

What did the party call for peasants and urban workers to challenge ?

Autocracy

Between 1901 to 1905 how many assassinations did the party carry out?

2,000 assassinations

As industrialisation increased what also increased ?

Marxist ideas

What did Plekhanov establish in 1883 ?

The first Russian Marxist Association

What did the Emancipation of labour smuggle in?

Marxist literature into Russia

Who did support for Marxism come from?

The educated

When was the Social Democratic Workers party founded ?

1898

How many of the 3 members of the central committee were arrested straight away?

2

What did Lenin do for the party whilst exiled in Switzerland ?

Wrote for the party

In 1902 what was the pamphlet called that Lenin published ?

“What is to be done”

who was there disagreements between ?

Lenin and co-editor Isra Martov

Which parties did the SD’s split into?

Lenin- Bolshevik’s

Martov- Mensheviks

What type of party did Lenin believe in?

A small centrally controlled, highly disciples party of professional revolutionaries to lead revolution on behalf of workers

Who did Lenin refuse to work with?

Other parties

What type of party did Martov believe in?

* A Democratic Party open to all

What type of revolution did Martov advocate for?

Workers should lead he revolution- a proletarian revolution could only happen after the bourgeois revolution

What did the SRs and SD’s believe in with the October manifesto ?

Rejected it

What did both the SRS and the SD’s call for in nov 1905?

A General strike by the St Petersburg soviet

What did the far left not have after 1905?

* No leader
* No aims

Where was Trotsky exiled to?

Siberia

Where did Lenin flee to ?

Finland

Before 1904, what was the aims of liberals?

* A National Assembly that could influence government
* Abolition of Corporal punishment
* End of land captains
* Extension of primary education

In 1896 what did Shipov attempt to set up?

“All zemstvo organisation” to represent views of zemstva- banned but continued to meet up in secret

What did the government order in 1900?

The dismal of hundreds of liberals form the elected boards of the Zemstva

What did the liberals form in 1903?

The UNion of Liberation

Wha did Peter Struve (leader of liberals) argue for?

A peaceful constitutional system

What did the liberals declare there intention was in 1904?

* To work for the establishment of constitutional government

What did the “banquets” organised by the liberals allow them to do?

Meet under the pretense of a social event

What were liberal groups within Russia becoming?

More organised and unified with clear objectives

What did Liberals not want to remove?

The Tsar- wanted a constitutional monarchy

What did the Liberals oppose?

* violence or direct action
* Feared rule by the people and were not connected to radical groups

What did the liberals welcome?

the October manifesto

What were the liberals let down by?

The fundamental laws

What did the kadets issue after the 1st Duma was dissolved?

The “Vyborg appeal/manifesto”

What did the Kadets call for in the Vyborg manifesto?

For civil disobedience

How did people respond to the Vyborg manifesto?

With little support as the links between the people and radical groups were weak

Who was the leader of moderate Russian Marxists and liberals after 1900?

Piotr Struve

What were the SRs focused on?

The peasants

What did the SR’s want to do?

* Encourage a socialist revolution
* Redistribute peasant land
* Improve lives of peasants

when were the SR’s officially formed ?

1901

how many government officials did the SR’s assassinate ?

2000

Who killed Stolypin in 1911?

The SRs

What weakened support for the SR’s ?

1905 revolution

What did the SRS fail to establish?

Consistent policy towards the Duma

Why were the SRs a threat?

targeted peasants who were the vast majority of people

What did Marx call for?

* Workers control of the means of production
* Redistribution of wealth
* Socialist revolution

What did the manifesto of congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party assert?

That social democracy in Russia should follow the path outlined by Marx

Why was Marxist activity in Russia limited in 1890s?

repressive policies and small size of the Russian Proletariat

What was the difference between ideology of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?

* lenin wanted a small group of professional revolutionaries to undermine the Tsarist system.
* Mensheviks- Memberhsip of party should be as wide as possible

What weakened the SD’s?

The split between Bolshevik’s and Mensheviks

What did the Mensheviks and the Bolshevik’s disagree on?

How to respond to the creation of the Duma

What did the Mensheviks refuse to do after Stolypins electoral reform?

Participate in Dumas- Bolshevik’s did

Why did the membership of Bolshevik’s and Mensheviks decline after the 1905 revolution?

* All main leaders in exile
* Secret police effective at infiltrating and disrupting the activities of those who remained in Russia
* Lack of funding reduced ability of both groups to publish materials to spread their messages

What did Bolshevik’s plan for 1914 that didnt happen?

A general strike in St Petersburg

What was the Bolshevik’s party newspaper called?

The Pravda (circulation of 40,000 by 1914)

When was Lenin exiled to Serbia?

1895 to 1900

What did Lenin write in 1902?

Pamphlet - “what is to be done”

What does Lenin argue in “what is to be done”

* Workers should abandon trade unionism and support a revolution to sweep away tsarism

What did Trotsky describe himself as?

‘A non factional Social democrat”