Studied by 2 people
compound
a substance that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
atom
the basic unit of a chemical element.
isotope
same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
molecule
Two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by covalent chemical bonds
ion
Gain or lose electrons and form a positive or negative charge
Form ionic compounds
a compound that is formed by ionic bonding
ionic bond
between metals and nonmetals, Transfer of electrons from one atom to another
covalent bond
electrons shared between two atoms, valence electrons shared with another atom to form a stable structure
pH
level of the acidity or basicity
pH scale
A measure of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is
Acid
any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance
Base
a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and can neutralize an acid
neutral
An object is neutral when it is not positively or negatively charged
Neutralization reaction
a reaction of an acid and a base that results in an ionic compound and possibly water
hydrogen ion
a positively charged molecule
hydroxide ion
A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen.
inorganic compound
A compound that does not contain carbon
organic compound
Compounds that contain carbon
physcial change
The change in size, shape, or state of matter. Tearing a piece of paper in half or freezing water is an example of this.
chemical change
chemical reaction, Change in the arrangement of atoms or ions within molecules of the substance involved
Represented by a chemical equation
low quality matter
not concentrated matter often located deep underground or dispersed in the ocean or atmosphere and usually has little potential for use as a resource.
high quality matter
highly concentrated, typically found near the earth's surface, and has great potential for use as a resource
law of conservation of matter
Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change
monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
CHONPS
The 6 elements most important in living things (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulfur)
Macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
energy
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
kinetic energy
energy of motion
potential energy
stored energy
thermal energy
the energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature
electromagnetic radiation
Radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and travels in waves
first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
second law of thermodynamics
when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)
system
A group of parts that work together as a whole
feedback loops (positive and negative)
a process in which the outputs of a system are circled back and used as inputs, negative loop is when a product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction
ecological tipping point
when an environmental problem reaches a threshold level, which causes a shift in the behavior of a natural system.
acid rain
rain containing high amounts of chemical pollutants
ocean acidification
decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels
