Glencoe World History Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Emp

ostrogoths

A Germanic tribe who occupied Roman Italy in the 400s-500s CE

angles and saxons

Germanic tribes who conquered Roman Britain in the early 400s CE

visigoths

A Germanic tribe who settled primarily in Roman Spain the 300s-400s CE; the first such group to lay siege to Rome (410)

vandals

A Germanic tribe who occupied Roman N. Africa in 400s; sacked Rome (455)

franks

A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (400s). King Clovis (511) created this long-lasting kingdom, converted to Christianity, made Christianity its official religion & gained the favor of the Roman Catholic Church.

missionary

\n A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others

abbess

the superior of a group of nuns; in charge of the convent

clovis

Founder of the Germanic kingdom of the Franks in the former Roman province of Gaul (c. 500); first Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity; gained favor of the Roman Catholic Church

gregory I

pope (590-604); broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope's office, beyond spiritual role; papacy became secular power involved in politics; converted Germans to Christianity through missionaries

charles martel

mayor of the palace of the Kingdom of the Franks (718-741); defeated Muslim Arabs at the Battle of Tours (732); pope asked him to help against Lombards

pepin

a Mayor of the Palace (741-751) who took the step of declaring himself king (751-768); approved by pope; son of Charles Martel

charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); crowned emperor of the Romans by the pope on Christmas Day 800 in Rome; created largest empire in Europe until Napoleon's; intellectual classical revival under his rule

serf

A person who lived on and farmed a lord's land in Medieval Europe; peasants tied to the land (couldn't move freely)

fief

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

chivalry

ideal code of ethnics and civilized behavior of medieval European nobility; the qualities idealized by knighthood such as defending the Church & the defenseless; fair treatment of prisoners; fight for glory not booty; respect toward women

magyars

an ethnic group from western Asia that settled in central Europe (later called Hungary) and invaded western Europe (late 800s)

normandy

A region in northwestern France on the English channel granted to the Vikings (Norsemen / Northmen), where they converted to Christianity & incorporated into Europe

william of normandy

Invaded England (1066). Defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. Crowned king of England. Merged Anglo-Saxon and French into new English language & culture.

Thomas á becket

Archbishop of Canterbury who denied Henry II's ability to try clergy and said only the Roman Catholic church could try priests - Henry's knights murdered him

Phillip II Augustus

King of France (1180-1223). Expanded French monarchy's income and power. Expanded France by waging war on the rulers of England and gaining control of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine.

Otto I

Saxon King of Germany. Crowned emperor of Romans later for protecting pope (962). Created Holy Roman Empire

Slavs

Western - Czechs, Poles (Catholics); Eastern - Moravia, Ukraine, Russia (Orthodox); Southern - Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians (Orthodox)

alexander nevsky

Prince of Novgorod, defeated German invading army in northern Russia (1242) and was awarded the title of grand prince by the Khan of the Mongol Empire. His descendants became princes of Moscow & leaders of Russia.

kiev

Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.

justinian

Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (527-565). Expanded Empire to reclaim lost territories in the West (Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria). Created Body of Civil Law (Roman law code) & rebuilt Constantinople, including Church of Hagia Sophia

balkans

Conquered by Bulgars from the Byzantine Empire (679). The region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia.

hagia sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian; known for domes

infidels

unbelievers; term used by Christian Crusaders to describe Muslims

Bernard of Clairvaux

monastic leader who encouraged European kings to embark on the 2nd Crusade (1090-1153)

Innocent III

(c. 1160-1216) proclaimed pope in 1198; claimed supremacy over all other rulers and strengthened papal power within the Church and Europe; initiated The Fourth Crusade (crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople)

saladin

Powerful Muslim ruler who defeated Christians and took Jerusalem in 1187. His victory led to the Third Crusade, during which he prevented Christians from retaking Jerusalem but permitted Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem (1137-1193).