Comprehensive U.S. History Foundations, Expansion, Civil War, and Progressivism

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who said the colonies should be a moral example to the world.

Puritans

Religious group that wanted to purify the Church of England; settled New England.

City Upon a Hill

Idea that America should be a model Christian society.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Document declaring independence from Britain; states natural rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness).

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. government; weak central government with most power in states.

Constitution

Established strong federal government with three branches.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments protecting individual freedoms.

Executive Branch

Enforces laws; President.

Legislative Branch

Makes laws; Congress.

Judicial Branch

Interprets laws; Supreme Court.

Federalists (Madison, Hamilton)

Supported strong federal government and Constitution.

Anti-Federalists (Jefferson, Henry)

Feared strong federal power; wanted states' rights.

George Washington's Presidency

Set precedents (cabinet, neutrality, two terms).

Farewell Address

Warned against political parties and foreign alliances.

Thomas Jefferson

3rd president; supported limited government.

First Inaugural Address

Called for unity after political conflict.

Andrew Jackson

President who expanded democracy for white men but harmed Native Americans.

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of Cherokee; thousands died.

Monroe Doctrine

Warned Europe not to interfere in the Americas.

Manifest Destiny

Belief U.S. was meant to expand west.

John O'Sullivan

Coined the term Manifest Destiny.

Nationalism

Pride and loyalty to one's country.

Imperialism

Expanding a nation's power through land or influence.

Mexican-American War (1846-48)

U.S. gained Southwest territory.

James Polk

President who led westward expansion.

Industrialization

Growth of factories and machines.

Costs of Industrialization

Poor working conditions, pollution.

Benefits of Industrialization

More jobs, cheaper goods.

Infrastructure

Roads, canals, railroads.

American System

Henry Clay's plan for tariffs, banks, and infrastructure.

Lowell Mills

Early factories employing young women.

Union

Workers' organizations for better conditions.

Horace Mann

Reformer who improved public education.

Panic of 1819 / 1837

Economic depressions causing unemployment.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document demanding women's rights.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton / Lucretia Mott

Women's rights leaders.

Suffrage

Right to vote.

Gender Roles

Traditional expectations for men and women.

Immigration

People moving to the U.S.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant beliefs.

Naturalization

Becoming a citizen.

Know-Nothing Party

Anti-immigrant political party.

Middle Passage

Brutal journey enslaved Africans endured.

Eli Whitney

Invented cotton gin.

Cotton Gin

Increased cotton production and slavery.

John C. Calhoun

Pro-slavery states' rights leader.

Abolitionists

People who wanted to end slavery.

Gradual Emancipation

Ending slavery slowly.

Immediate Abolition

Ending slavery immediately.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave, powerful speaker.

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and women's rights activist.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist publisher.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Balanced free and slave states.

Compromise of 1850

Temporary solution to slavery issues.

Fugitive Slave Act

Required return of escaped slaves.

Dred Scott Decision

Slaves not citizens; Congress can't ban slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Let voters decide slavery.

Popular Sovereignty

People vote on slavery.

John Brown

Led violent anti-slavery raid.

Harpers Ferry

Site of John Brown's raid.

Abraham Lincoln

Opposed spread of slavery.

Secession

States leaving the Union.

South Carolina

First to secede.

Lincoln's View on Slavery

Initially to preserve Union; later supported abolition.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Freed slaves in Confederate states.

13th Amendment

Ended slavery everywhere.

Confederacy

Southern states.

Richmond

Confederate capital.

Jefferson Davis

Confederate president.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general.

Union (Blue)

Strengths: Industry, population; Weaknesses: Less military experience; Strategy: Anaconda Plan.

Confederacy (Gray)

Strengths: Military leaders, home advantage; Weaknesses: Fewer resources; Strategy: Defend land, seek foreign help.

Bull Run (1861)

First major battle.

Antietam (1862)

Bloodiest day; led to Emancipation.

Gettysburg (1863)

Turning point of war.

Gettysburg Address

Redefined war as fight for equality.

Second Inaugural Address

Called for reconciliation.

Sherman's March

Destroyed Southern resources.

Appomattox Court House

Lee surrendered to Grant.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general.

Lincoln / Andrew Johnson

Presidents during Reconstruction.

Radical Republicans

Wanted full rights for freed slaves.

Freedmen's Bureau

Helped former slaves with education and aid.

Reconstruction Acts (1867)

Divided South into military districts.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners moving South.

Scalawags

Southern Republicans.

Black Codes

Laws limiting Black freedoms.

14th Amendment

Citizenship and equal protection.

15th Amendment

Voting rights for Black men.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist terror group.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction.

Robber Barons

Business leaders who used unfair practices.

Captains of Industry

Business leaders who helped economy.

Carnegie

Steel.

Rockefeller

Oil.

Vanderbilt

Railroads.

J.P. Morgan

Banking.

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest applied to business.