A&P Exam 3 Digestive System Content

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

ingestion of vitamins and minerals, fluid & electrolyte homeostasis, and acid-base homeostasis

What structures are within the alimentary canal?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Stomach

muscular organ involved in storing food and churning it with gastric juices, has an oblique muscle layer

Hard & Soft Palate

functions in separating oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Gallbladder

located on the posterior side of the liver, removal of gallbladder will affect bile storage

Colon

also known as large intestine, muscular tube that absorbs water and salts from waste, splenic fixture is where the colon becomes the descending colon

Cecum

first portion of the large intestine

Duodenum

chyme mixes with bile here

Esophagus

muscular tube that transports food and liquids from pharynx to the stomach, inferior 3rd portion of it composed of smooth muscle only

Teeth

involved in mechanical digestion as they are major organs of mastication

Large Intestine

absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins

Surface area in the small intestine is increased by?

microvilli, circular folds, and villi

Cardia

where food first enters after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter

Mucousa

innermost epithelium of the stomach facing the lumen

Mesentery

fold of the peritoneum which attaches to stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen

Filliform

type of tongue papillae that lacks taste buds

Falciform Ligament

separates the right and left lobes of the liver

Taeniae Coli

longitudinal layer of muscularis externa

Pyloric Sphincter

controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine

Ileocecal Valve

prevents material or bacteria from the large intestine from backflowing into the small intestine

External anal sphincter

operated voluntarily and is controlled by the cerebral cortex

Upper esophageal sphincter

first sphincter encountered in the alimentary canal

Chief Cells

release pepsinogen

Parietal Cells

release hydrochloric acid into the stomach, proton-pump inhibitor drugs block the secretions of gastric acids

Gastrin

hormone that increases acid secretion by the stomach

Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

inhibits acid secretion from parietal cells

Pancreatic Juices

destined for the duodenum

Acinar Cells

found in the pancreas and they release pancreatic juice

CCK Cholecystokinin (CCK)

hormone that stimulates acinar cells

Motility

damage to the enteric nervous system that innervates the digestive organs could affect this

Facilitated Diffusion

passive physical process and how fructose is absorbed

Emulsification requires ______ _______.

bile salts

Gastrin

increased hydrogen ion secretion by the stomach

Breaking bonds is a form of what type of digestion?

chemical

Absorption

movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal (not a main function of the stomach)

Salivary Amylase

catalyzes carbohydrates in the mouth

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

nutrient breakdown

Lactase

breaks lactose into glucose and galactose

Enteric Nervous System

controls the migrating motor complex

Gastric Pacemaker

regulated churning and peristalsis

Diffuse neuroendocrine System (DNES) cells

release gastrin

Organ communication happens via ________ and ________.

hormones; reflexes

Enterogastric reflex

decreases vagal activity and acid secretion

Ingestion

first process to occur in the digestive system

Defecation

last process to occur in the digestive system

Deglutition

ability to swallow, specialized type of propulsion

Segmentation

involves intestinal churning

Mass movements

peristaltic contractions that propel contents of the colon

Propulsion

main job of the pharynx

Vagus Nerve

regulates peristalsis and segmentation in the small intestine

The vagus nerve does what in the stomach?

stimulation of gastric secretion, stimulation of histamine secretion, and stimulation of hydrogen ion release

Digestion of proteins requires enough ________ _________.

stomach acid

Stretch of rectum triggers what reflex?

defecation

Salivation

primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system

Mumps

glands that secrete saliva

Splanchnic Circulation

blood supply that feeds and drains the abdominal digestive organs

Bile

liver secretion that emulsifies lipids

Hepatocytes

cells that compose liver lobules, if damages will affect bile production

Gallstones

can block bile when they get stuck in the cystic duct

Where does transportation of bile occur?

cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct

Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori)

spiral-shaped bacterium, lives in the stomach lining (mucosa), and one of the view bacteria that can survive in acidic environments

Conversion of pepsinogen into the active form of pepsin requires an _________ pH.

acidic

If the stomach was removed this would affect digestion of __________ and put someone at risk for __________ anemia.

proteins;pernicious

What are the functions of normal flora in the large intestine?

metabolize undigested wastes, produce vitamins, and deter the growth of harmful bacteria