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French Colonial Goals

Fur trade economy, alliances with Native tribes, low population settlement.

English Colonial Goals

Permanent settlements, agriculture, and trade along the Atlantic coast.

Spanish Colonial Goals

Conversion of Natives, extraction of wealth, mission and presidio systems.

Spanish Southwest Settlements

Missions and presidios used to convert and control Native populations.

French Ohio River Valley Presence

Focused on fur trade, river access, and alliances with tribes like the Huron.

English Atlantic Settlements

Economy based on farming, trade, and growing colonial population.

Colonial

Native Alliances

Roots of American Slavery

Shift from indentured servitude to race

Growth of Slavery (17th Century)

Slave codes and plantation demand increasing reliance on enslaved labor.

Slavery in the 18th Century

Expansion of plantation economies, especially in the South.

Northern Colonies Economy

Shipping, trade, small farms, and early manufacturing.

Southern Colonies Economy

Plantations producing tobacco, rice, and indigo with enslaved labor.

Middle Colonies Economy

Mixed farming, trade ports, and diverse populations.

Women in Colonies

Roles varied by region; limited rights but essential to family and economy.

Indentured Servants

Contract laborers working for land or passage; decreasing by late 1600s.

Colonial

British Tension

Rights of Englishmen

Belief colonists deserved representation and legal protections.

Causes of Declaration of Independence

Acts, taxes, and British attempts to assert control over colonies.

American Revolution

The armed struggle for independence from Great Britain.

Articles of Confederation

Weak central government with limited ability to tax or enforce laws.

Weaknesses of Confederation

Inability to raise troops, regulate trade, or stop uprisings like Shays’ Rebellion.

Shays’ Rebellion

Uprising showing the Articles were too weak to maintain order.

Constitutional Convention

Delegates met to create a stronger federal government.

Great Compromise

Bicameral legislature balancing large and small state interests.

3/5 Compromise

Agreement counting enslaved people partially for representation and taxes.

Federalists

Supported strong central government and ratification of the Constitution.

Anti

Federalists

Washington’s Presidency

Set precedents, stabilized finances, and kept neutrality.

Adams Administration

Faced political division, XYZ Affair, and Alien & Sedition Acts.

Judicial Review (Marbury v. Madison)

Decision giving Supreme Court power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Election of 1800

First peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history.

Jefferson’s Presidency

Struggled to match small

Madison’s Presidency

War of 1812 against Britain caused by trade issues and impressment.

Napoleonic Wars Impact

British interference with U.S. trade and ships due to European conflicts.

Missouri Compromise

Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free, and drew 36°30' line.

Sectional Tension

North and South increasingly divided over slavery’s expansion.

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

Election decided by House; Adams wins despite Jackson having more votes.

Tariff of Abominations

High tariff angering the South and causing calls for nullification.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina threatens secession; Jackson defends federal authority.

Age of Jackson

Expansion of democracy, stronger presidency, and controversial policies.

Indian Removal Act

Forced relocation of Native tribes from southeastern U.S.

Worcester v. Georgia

Court ruled Cherokee sovereignty; Jackson ignored it.

Marshall Court Legacy

Strengthened federal government and national economic power.

Commerce Clause Cases

Expanded federal authority over interstate commerce.

National Bank Support

Marshall Court upheld constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that U.S. was destined to expand west to the Pacific.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women’s rights convention; Declaration of Sentiments written.

Texas Independence

Revolt against Mexico resulting in independent Republic of Texas.

Annexation of Texas

U.S. admits Texas, causing tension with Mexico.

Mexican

American War

California Gold Rush

Massive migration westward due to gold discovery.

Oregon Territory

Peacefully divided between U.S. and Britain.

Kansas

Nebraska Act

Bleeding Kansas

Violent clashes between pro

Charles Sumner Beating

Violent attack in Senate symbolizing sectional breakdown.

Dred Scott Decision

Declared enslaved people not citizens; Congress can't ban slavery.

Southern Fears

Loss of slavery seen as threat to Southern economy and lifestyle.

Fugitive Slave Act

Required return of escaped enslaved people; angered Northern states.

Compromise of 1850

California admitted free; harsher fugitive slave laws passed.

Start of the Civil War

Triggered by secession and attack on Fort Sumter.

Major Civil War Battles

Fort Sumter, Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Sherman’s March.