APUSH Period 6: 1865-1898

APUSH Period 6: 1865-1898

Learning Objective 1:

Explain the historical context for the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States during the period from 1865 to 1898.

Learning Objective 2:

Explain a historical context for the increased international and internal migration in the United States during the period from 1865 to 1898.

Name three large-scale industries during the Gilded Age.

Railroads, steel mills, and mining.

Which city was home to large banks, stock exchanges, and leaders of industry, such as the Astors and Vanderbilts?

New York City

Approximately how many new patents were there from 1860 to 1890, sparking a “second” industrial revolution?

440,000

In what international markets did American industries begin to look?

Europe, Latin America, and Asia.

What pro-growth government policies benefited American businesses?

Protected property rights, refrained from regulating business operations, sheltered domestic manufacturers with high tariffs, and subsidized railroads with land grants and loans.

What economic issues did the economy experience during the Gilded Age?

Panics and depressions, and large inequities in wealth distribution.

From where did large waves of “new” immigrants come during the late 1800s?

Southern and eastern Europe and Asia.

What were the negative effects of industrialization in cities during the Gilded Age?

Unplanned and unregulated growth produced cities that lacked sanitary systems, degraded the environment, and had weak law enforcement.

In response to economic and cultural changes, which groups began to demand changes?

Workers, farmers, and the growing middle class began to demand changes in economic, political, and cultural institutions.

What role did railroads play in advancing settlement on the Great Plains?

Railroads promoted settlement and linked the West with the East to create one great national market.

What two newly incorporated railroad companies divided the task of building the first transcontinental railroad?

The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific.

Name three other transcontinental railroads that were completed in 1883.

Southern Pacific, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, and Northern Pacific.

What were the negative effects of westward expansion?

Frenzied rush for the West’s natural resources damaged the environment, the buffalo was nearly exterminated, and the American Indians who lived in the region paid a high human and cultural price.

What event set the pattern for other gold rushes?

California’s great gold rush of 1849.

What were boomtowns infamous for?

Saloons, dance-hall girls, and vigilante justice.

From whom were the traditions of the cattle business in the late 1800s borrowed?

Mexican cowboys, or vaqueros.

Who built the first stockyards in Abilene, Kansas?

Joseph G. McCoy.

What factors contributed to the decline of cattle drives in the 1880s?

Overgrazing, a winter blizzard and drought, and the arrival of homesteaders who used barbed wire fencing.

What act encouraged farming on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of five years?

The Homestead Act of 1862.

What invention helped farmers to fence in their lands on the lumber-scarce plains?

Barbed wire by Joseph Glidden.

What techniques did farmers who managed to survive on the Great Plains adopt?

“Dry farming” and deep-plowing techniques, and hardy strains of Russian wheat.

What single cash crops did Northern and Western farmers of the late 19th century concentrate on raising?

Corn or wheat.

What economic pressure resulted from the money supply not growing as fast as the economy?

Deflation.

What was the name of the social and educational organization for farmers and their families organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley?

The National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry, or the National Grange Movement.

What type of business did Grangers establish to save the costs charged by middlemen?

Coopeartives.

In what landmark case did the Supreme Court uphold the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads?

Munn v. Illinois (1877).

What reforms were called for in the Ocala Platform?

• Direct election of U.S. senators, Lower tariff rates, Graduated income tax, New banking system regulated by the federal government

Which territory, once set aside for the use of American Indians, was opened for settlement in 1889?

The Oklahoma Territory.

Who presented the settling of the frontier as an evolutionary process of building civilization?

Historian Frederick Jackson Turner.

What values did Turner argue that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture, promoting?

Independence, individualism, inventiveness, practical-mindedness, and democracy.

What trend caused the largest movement of Americans was not from east to west by the 1890s?

Migration saw more opportunities in industry than in agriculture.

What Pueblo groups lived in permanent settlements in New Mexico and Arizona, raising corn and livestock?

Hopi and Zuni.

Name 5 nomadic tribes that lived on the Great Plains.

Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche.

At which forts did the federal government begin to assign the Plains tribes large tracts of land—or reservations—with definite boundaries in 1851?

Fort Laramie (Wyoming) and Fort Atkinson (Wisconsin).

Which act ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and ended negotiation of treaties to be approved by Congress?

The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871.

In what wars did the U.S. participate in the 1870s?

The Red River War and a second Sioux War.

Who chronicled the injustices done to American Indians in the best-selling book, A Century of Dishonor (1881)?

Helen Hunt Jackson.

Which act was designed to break up tribal organizations, which many felt kept American Indians from becoming “civilized” and law-abiding citizens?

The Dawes Act of 1887.

Which act promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture?

The Indian Reorganization Act (1934).

What nearly 1,000-mile overland route between Santa Fe, New Mexico, and western Missouri linked the regions?

The Santa Fe Trail.

What member of the Department of the Interior advocated creation of forest reserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation?

Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz.

Which founded the Sierra Club in 1892?

John Muir.

What did the vision for a “New South” with a self-sufficient economy with?

Laissez-faire capitalism, industrial growth, modernized transportation, and improved race relations.

Who spread the gospel of the “New South” with editorials that argued for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism?

Atlanta Constitution editor Henry Grady.

What cities experienced industry growth in the South during this time

Birmingham, Alabama, Memphis, Tennessee, and Richmond, Virginia

What failure hampered economic growth in the South?

The failure of state and local governments to expand public education.

Which African American scientist promoted the growing of such crops as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans, for southern farmers?

George Washington Carver.

What was the name given to state and local segregation laws?

Jim Crow laws.

In what landmark case did the Supreme Court uphold a Louisiana law requiring “separate but equal accommodations” for White and Black railroad passengers?

Plessy v. Ferguson.

List three legal devices Southern states invented to prevent African Americans from voting.

Literacy tests, poll taxes, and political party primaries for Whites only.

What African American editor of the Memphis Free Speech campaigned against lynching and the Jim Crow laws?

Ida B. Wells.

What leader advocated that African Americans accept discrimination through hard work, moderation, and economic self-help?

Booker T. Washington.

What was a key development for electric light, streetcars, and appliances?

Electric power.

What was the first radical change in the speed of communications in the United States?

The telegraph.

Who invented the phonograph, the dynamo for generating electric power, the mimeograph machine, and the motion picture camera?

Thomas Edison.

Who held more than 400 patents and was responsible for developing an air brake for railroads and a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current?

George Westinghouse.

What type of bridges such as New York’s Brooklyn Bridge (1883) made possible longer commutes between residential areas and city centers?

Steel suspension bridges.

Which city became the home of the first true skyscraper with a steel skeleton in 1885?

Chicago.

Who created the large department store in urban centers?

R. H. Macy in New York and Marshall Field in Chicago.

Name Two mail-order companies used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers

R. H. Macy in New York and Marshall Field in Chicago.

Aside from the contribution of new technologies, which “inventions” were vital to the development of large-scale industries?

Management and financial structures.

What effect did railroads have on routines of daily life?

It created a market for goods that was national in scale and encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization.

What wealthy “Commodore” merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad (1867)?

Cornelius Vanderbilt.

Name one speculator that entered the railroad business for quick profits and made their millions by selling off assets and watering stock

Jay Gould.

What banker led a move in to take control of the bankrupt railroads and consolidate them after a financial panic in 1893?

J. Pierpont Morgan.

What is an interlocking directorate?

The same directors ran competing companies.

Who headed the fast-growing steel industry?

Andrew Carnegie.

What business strategy involves a company controlling every stage of the industrial process?

Vertical integration.

Who drilled the first U.S. oil well in 1859 in Pennsylvania?

Edwin Drake.

What is a process through which one company takes control of all its former competitors in a specific industry?

Horizontal integration.

What defines a holding company?

One created to own and control diverse companies.

Adam Smith argued that unregulated businesses would be motivated by their own self-interest to offer improved goods and service governed by what?

Invisible hand.

What English philosopher argued for Social Darwinism, the belief that Darwin’s ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace?

Herbert Spencer.

Which Yale professor introduced the principles of Social Darwinism to the study of sociology in the United States?

William Graham Sumner.

How was the Protestant work ethic related to Industrialists' successes?

It stated that material success was a sign of God’s favor and a just reward for hard work.

What were the biggest problems for labor workers?

Longer hours and little pay.

What theory proposed that raising wages would only increase the working population, create a state of continued misery and starvation?

Iron law of wages.

Name Four Employer tactics for defeating unions.

Lockout, Blacklist, Yellow-dog contract, Private guards and state militia, an Injunctions.

What is an example of Collective Bargaining?

The ability of workers to negotiate as a group with an employer for wages and working conditions.

Which national union had broad social reform, equal rights for women and African Americans, monetary reform, and worker cooperatives?

The National Labor Union.

Which labor union was impacted and declined due to Knights were loosely organized and could not control local units?

The Knights of Labor.

What Union movement Violence occurred and turned to anti-union?

The Haymarket Riot, caused workers to believe union movement should be ended

What Union sought to obtain narrow economic goals and was directed by what leader?

Samuel Gompers, a bread and butter unionism by a collection of craft unions

What happened at the Homestead Strike?

Frick used the weapons of the lockout, private guards, and strikebreakers. It set back union involvement until New Deal era.

What happened to labor after In re debs for Unions?

The injunction use was approved, allowing major set back to power of labor as a break strikes.

What is a push factor that influenced migration in the late 1800s?

Several negative forces drove Europeans to emigrate to the US.

Name Pull factor that drove migration

The Country's reputation for political and religious freedom, job increase

Majority of Old immigrants are what?

English-speaking

Mainly what population did the "New" immigrants contribute?

Poor and illiterate

What was the Main Act of Restrictions on Chinese during the time's migration in 800's?

The Chinese Exclusion Act

What two significant elements are paired in growing number of population and city increase with each passing year?

Urbanization and industrialization.

What was the overall Purpose City Growth in US late 1800s?

As a source of labor for factories and a market for factory-made goods.

Inner Cit housing led to what housing in the Gilded Age

To increase their profits, landlords divided up inner-city housing into small, windowless rooms. This led to slums and tenement houses cramming

Groups supported restriction.

Labor union members, employers, nativists, and Social Darwinists.

Reason Immigrant Loyalty

In many cities, politicians welcomed newly arrived immigrants to gain their loyalty in future elections. These turned into the Political Machines

What new structure provided immigrants and citizens learning and support?

Settlement houses.

Many had believed The US was what.

Melting pot, where immigrants quickly shed old-world characteristics in order to become successful citizens.

What white, middle-class employee's jobs were needed increase during industry's growth?

Professional and specialists.