NON-NURSING THEORIES

Ludwig Von Bertalanffy

conceptualized system theory

Systems

organized wholes comprised of component parts that interact in a distinct way over time

SYSTEM THEORY

May be applied to many topics, organisms, or structures

SYSTEM THEORY

All systems are composed of subsystems or parts that are in dynamic interaction with the rest of the system.

SYSTEM THEORY

Nurtures a holistic perspective that views system as interconnected wholes that interact with their environments and evolve, facilitating insights into their behavior and dynamics.

SYSTEM THEORY

The parts or subsystems are also systems in themselves, so there is actually a nested system of interacting structures

Closed systems

are the internal sub-units of the organization that do not interact with the external environment.

Open systems

are internal subunits that interact with other systems (or sub-units within other systems) that are outside of the organization.

Input

resources that are received from the external environment

Throughput

the quality or amount of work the system completes, processes, or delivers in a period of time.

Output

Results/feedback made by the system that is exported back to the environment

Process

series of mechanical or chemical operations on something in order to preserve it

Feedback

Information about the reaction of a product that is used as basis for improvement (can be positive or negative)

Kurt Lewin

conceptualized change theory

Kurt Lewin

Universally recognized as the founder of modern social psychology

Kurt Lewin

Pioneered the use of theory, using experimentation to test hypothesis

SYSTEM THEORY

first conceptualized by Austrian biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy

CHANGE THEORY

Helps people to adapt to their situation by focusing on how the change affects people for successful implementation

Unfreezing

Becoming motivated to change

CHANGE THEORY

Has a three-stage model:

Unfreeze → Change → Refreeze Model

Change

Change what needs to be changed

Unfreezing

Changing

Refreezing

Change Theory stages:

Change

(unfrozen and moving to a new state)

Refreezing

Making the change permanent

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Conceptualized by Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Founder of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

Who conceptualized PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

First Real theory of Personal Development

Libido

Sexual energy/force of human

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Describes any sensual pleasure of a person in a stage, particularly a body part

fixated

A person may remain _______________ at a stage and may regress to an earlier stage

Oral Stage

psychosexual development stage of birth to 1yr old

Oral Stage

Major site of enjoyment & tension: mouth, lips and tongue, includes biting and sucking activities

oral fixation

Can be developed if they do not receive certain stimuli as a child

Oral Receptive Personality

relieve by eating, drinking, smoking (lack of stimuli)

Oral Aggressive Personality

violent and abusive (excess stimulation)

Anal Stage

psychosexual development stage of 1 to 3 years old

Anal Stage

Main Focus: Bowel and Bladder Control

Anal Stage

Children find pleasure in both the retention of feces and defecation

Anal Stage

The major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the child has to learn to control their bodily needs.

toilet training

The major conflict in anal stage is?

Anal Stage

Focus: punishment and cleanliness

Anal Stage

elimination takes on new importance

Anal Stage

Children find pleasure in both the retention of feces and defecation

Anal Retentive Personality

perfectionist and obsessive (strict training)

Anal Expulsive Personality

Messy and disorganized (lenient or no training)

Anal Stage

acquisition of voluntary sphincter control (toilet training)

sphincter control

toilet training

Phallic Stage

psychosexual development stage of 3 to 6 years old

Phallic Stage

Main focus: Genital Area

Phallic Stage

Oedipal Stage

Phallic Stage

Exhibitionism and masturbation are common

Phallic Stage

Gender Identity and Superego is developed

Penis Envy

wanting to possess penis because young girls believe that it is the key to power/authority.

Oedipus Complex

boys want to replace their father for mother’s affection.

Electra Complex

girls want to replace mother for dad’s affection.

Castration Anxiety

fear of being punished for being jealous of parent.

Phallic Stage

RESIDUALS: exhibitionist, pedophile, voyeurism

Latency Stage

psychosexual development stage of 6 years old to Puberty

Latency Stage

Libido is suppressed or diverted

Latency Stage

Children develop social skills for socializing outside of home

Latency Stage

Homosexual stage of development

Latency Stage

Aka Chum Period (best friend)

Latency Stage

Fixation results show by not fulfilling relationships as an adult and being immature

Latency Stage

Children’s libido (energy) appears to be diverted into concrete thinking such as school activities.

Genital Phase

psychosexual development stage of Puberty to Adulthood

Genital Phase

Puberty causes libido to be active again and develop sexual interest in opposite sex

Genital Phase

Heterosexual stage of development

Genital Phase

Becomes independent and plans for the future

Genital Phase

Involves the capacity for true intimacy

Genital Phase

establishing new sexual aims

Genital Phase

finding of new love objects

Oral Stage

Anal Stage

Phallic Stage

Latency Stage

Genital Stage

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY stages:

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

emphasizes the importance of culture and society in the development of one’s personality

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Most widely accepted theory of personality development

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Has 8 stages and crisis

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Conceptualized by Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY was conceptualized by?

Trust vs Mistrust

Autonomy (Independence) vs Doubt (Shame)

Initiative vs Guilt

Industry (Competence) vs. Inferiority

Identity vs Role Confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Integrity vs. Despair

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY stages:

Trust vs Mistrust

psychosocial development stage of 0 to 18 months old

Trust vs Mistrust

Virtue: Hope

Trust vs Mistrust

Task: Viewing the world as safe and reliable; relationships as nurturing, stable and dependable

Autonomy (Independence) vs Doubt (Shame)

psychosocial development stage of 18 months to 3 years old

Autonomy (Independence) vs Doubt (Shame)

Virtue: Will

Autonomy (Independence) vs Doubt (Shame)

Task - Achieving a sense of control and free will

Initiative vs Guilt

psychosocial development stage of 3 to 6 y/o

Initiative vs Guilt

Virtue: Purpose

Initiative vs Guilt

Task - Beginning development of conscience; learning to manage conflict and anxiety

Industry (Competence) vs. Inferiority

psychosocial development stage of 6 to 12 y/o

Industry (Competence) vs. Inferiority

Virtue: Competence

Industry (Competence) vs. Inferiority

Task - emerging confidence in own abilities; taking pleasure in accomplishments

Identity vs Role Confusion

psychosocial development stage of 12 to 18 y/o

Identity vs Role Confusion

Virtue: Fidelity

Identity vs Role Confusion

Task - formulating a sense of self and belonging

Intimacy vs. Isolation

psychosocial development stage of 18 to 40 y/o

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Virtue: Love

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Task - forming adult, loving relationships and meaningful attachments to others

Generativity vs. Stagnation

psychosocial development stage of 40 to 65 y/o

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Virtue: Care

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Task - being creative and productive; establishing the next generation