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Flashcards reviewing key concepts from the Unit 1 lecture notes, focusing on state-building, governance, and cultural developments from 1200-1460.
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What is a state?
A territory politically organized under a single government.
How did the song dynasty stay in charge and run their state?
By emphasizing Confucianism.
What is Filial Piety?
Children must obey parents and honor them along with grandparents and ancestors.
What restrictions did women in the Song Dynasty endure?
Stripped of legal rights, limited access to education, and foot binding.
What is the Imperial Bureaucracy?
A government entity arranged in a hierarchical fashion that carries out the will of the emperor.
What was the Civil Service Exam?
Eligible men took a test to get a job in the Imperial Bureaucracy; only qualified men passed.
Name the new branches of Buddhism.
Theravada Buddhism (Sri lanka) and Mahayana Buddhism (east asia)
How did new forms of Buddhism arise
The belief system interested with various Asian cultures
Name three developments that led to economic and population growth in Song China.
Commercialization of economy, agricultural innovation, and innovations in transportation.
What is Champa Rice?
Easy-to-grow rice introduced to China that produced a lot of food, leading to significant population growth.
From Vietnam not a Chinese innovation
What was the Grand Canal?
The expansion of this facilitated trade and communication in Song China.
How was Europe organized during the period of 1200-1460?
Primarily through feudalism and manorialism due to decentralization and political fragmentation
What is Feudalism?
A system of alliances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights in which vassals received land from lords in exchange for military service.
What is Manorialism?
A system in which society and economies were organized through manors, pieces of land owned by a lord and rented out to peasants who worked on the land.
Who are serfs?
Peasants who were bound to the land and worked in exchange for protection.
Name two major centers of civilization in the Americas.
Mesoamerica and the Andean Civilizations.
Which people founded the Aztec Empire?
The Mexica people.
What is tribute system
After the Aztec empire conquered people those people were required to provide labor and regular contributions of goods
How did enslaved people play an important role in the Aztec religion
They were used as human sacrifices to the gods
How did the Inca maintain power?
They were far more intrusive in the lives of the people they conquered, developing an elaborate bureaucracy and rigid hierarchy.
What is the Mita system?
A system requiring all people under Inca rule to provide labor on state projects.
Compare the Aztec and Inca empires.
The Aztecs were mostly decentralized in how they ruled, while the Inca were highly centralized.
What is the Mississippian Culture known for?
Their monumental mounds around which their towns were organized.
How was Swahili civilization organized?
Around commerce; cities grew more influential as they became more involved in the Indian Ocean trade.
What is Great Zimbabwe?
A civilization that contained massive structures and grew wealthy due to trade.
What is Swahili?
A new language that emerged with a mix of Bantu languages, Arabic alphabet and script, deeply influenced by Muslim traders.
What belief systems were followed in Europe?
Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism.
What belief systems were practiced in Dar-Al-Islam?
Judaism centered on the teachings of the Torah and the Hebrew Bible, Christianity extension of Judaism focused on the teachings of Jesus and Islam founded by the prophet Muhammad that salvation would be found in righteous actions
What are the continuity of Turkic Empires.
Military administrated their states and Established sharia law, legal code based on Quran
Name three of the main Belief Systems in South Asia.
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam
What are Bhakti Movements
Innovation on traditional polytheistic hinduism, emphasized the devotion to just one of the Gods and also mounted challenges to social and gender hierarchies
Give some details about South East Asia empires.
Diverse set of sea based and land based empires,Majapahit Kingdom (sea based, controlled the sea routes for trade but started declining)
Khmer Empire (land based) founded as Hindu but later converted to Buddhism
What happened to the Abbasid caliphate after it broke up
The entities were dominated by Turks not Arabs anymore as a result new Islamic political entities arose
Give an example of a new Islamic political entity that arose after the break up of Abbasid caliphate
Seljuk empire, in Central Asia it was a strong empire in the region created by the Celtics
Who is Nasir al din al tusi
Muslim scholar, invented trigonometry
How did the kingdom of Ethiopia flourish and what religion was practiced
Through trade, the state was Christian but had a hierarchical power structure
give an example of major cultural and scientific innovations (Muslim world)
Muslim scholars preserved great works of Greek moral and natural philosophy like Plato and Aristotle, they then translated the works to Arabic
What is the house of wisdom (Baghdad)
A library filled with scholarly work, established under Abbasid empire
How did Muslim rule expand
Military expansion
Muslim merchants
Muslim missionaries, much of the conversion that occured in South Asia was the result of Sufi missionaries
What was happening with Buddhism in South Asia
It had been declining, by 1200 Buddhists were mainly reduced to monastic communities
What was the most widespread religion in South Asia
Hinduism was the most widespread religion in South Asia, with Islam being second
Explain state building in South Asia
Delhi sultanate ruled much of northern India but had difficulty in holding onto that rule, which led them to impose a total Muslims state upon the Hindu population
Led to Hindu resistance