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101 Terms

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Ecology
The study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.
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Ecosystem
Living organisms interacting with each other and their nonliving environment.
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Biosphere
Includes all the air, land, and water where life exists.
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Organism
A living thing.
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Habitat
The place an organism lives.
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Biotic factor- definition
A living part of the environment.
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Examples of biotic factors
Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists ( algae), and Monerans (bacteria)
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Abiotic factor- definition
A non-living part of the environment.
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Examples of abiotic factors
water, soil, light , minerals, wind, air, temperature, pollution, etc.
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Population
All the organism of one species living in a specific area.
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Limiting factors
The resources that organisms need to survive. When unavailable these factors limit a populations' ability to grow/increase.
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Community
All populations of different organisms living together in a specific area.
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Niche
is an organism's role (job) within its' community.
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Producer
An organism that makes it's own food, usually using sunlight by a process called photosynthesis.
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Examples of producers
Plants, algae
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Autotroph
An organism that can make its own food, usually using sunlight by a process called photosynthesis.
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Consumer
An organism that can not make it's own food and must eat another organism.
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Examples of consumers
People and animals
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Heterotroph
an organism that needs to get its own food by eating another organism.
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Decomposer
An organism that decays dead matter and recycles its' nutrients back into the soil.
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Examples of decomposers
bacteria, fungi and worms
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Food Chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
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Food Web
Consists of many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem.
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Energy Pyramid
Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web. The amount of energy available as you move from the bottom to the top of the pyramid decreases at each feeding level.
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Predator
An animal that HUNTS other animals for food
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Symbiosis
A close relationship between two organisms.
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Prey
An organism that is killed and eaten by another organism
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Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
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Host
An organism on which a parasite lives.
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Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host
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Camouflage
An organism that hides by blending its appearance with its environment
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Mutualism
A close relationship between two organisms in which they both benefit/help each other
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Scavenger
An organism that the feeds on the bodies of dead animals.
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Example: maggots, vultures and hyenas

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Biome
A large region that has a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities
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Omnivore
An organism that eats meat and plants
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Herbivore
An organism that eats mostly plants
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Carnivore
An organism that eats mostly meat
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Detritivore
An organism that eats organisms that are already dead.
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Exponential growth
when a population reproduces very rapidly
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Carrying capacity
the total number of individuals that an environment can support
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Overharvesting
when humans take more than nature can replace
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Habitat destruction
nature is destroyed to : 1. make more room for human development or 2. harvest the resources
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Pollution
materials (natural or manmade) that disrupt the ecosystem
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Invasive Species
a type of organism that moves into a new environment and takes resources away from the native species
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Keystone species
an organism that has a large effect on the entire community of organisms in its environment
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Evolution
the process of a species changing over time
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Cladogram
a picture that shows the evolutionary history of an organism and how it is related to others
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Evidence for evolution
fossils, DNA, cell structure, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, experimentation, and artificial selection
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Homologous structures
Structures that show common ancestry
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Analogous structures
Structures that develop due to similar environment, do not show common ancestry
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Vestigial structures
Structures that have reduced function, but were useful in ancestors
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Sonic hedgehog
Gene that affects development of limbs in embryos
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Tiktaalik
Common ancestor to many animals
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Artificial selection
When humans breed plants or animals together for specific traits
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Natural selection
The environment shapes the evolution of organisms
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Variation
Not all organisms in a species have the same traits
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Differential Reproductive Success
The organisms that have the traits most suited to the environment have more offspring than those that are less suited
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Heritability
Desirable traits are passed down from parent to offspring
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Inbreeding
when organisms that are closely related breed, usually produces genetically inferior offspring
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Pedigree
A graphic showing traits through several generations
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Dominant gene
Gene that carries a trait that is always expressed
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Recessive gene
Gene that carries a trait that is only seen when there are no dominant genes
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Homozygous genotype
two genes that are the same, AA or aa
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Heterozygous genotype
two genes that are different, Aa or Ao
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Codominance
When two genes are both dominant and both are expressed. An example is blood types in humans
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Incomplete dominance
When two genes are both dominant and neither is expressed. Instead, an intermediate phenotype is shown.
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Sex-linked traits
Traits that are usually carried on the X chromosome; males are affected more than females
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Karyotype
A picture that is made by pairing homologous chromosomes together. Used to diagnose chromosomal diseases caused by nondisjunction
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Mitosis
The process of nuclear division; creates new somatic cells
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Meiosis
The process of gamete formation
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Nondisjunction
When chromatids do not separate correctly during meiosis
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Haploid (1N)
A cell that contains half the normal amount of chromosomes
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Diploid (2N)
A cell that contains a full set of chromosomes
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Chromatin
Uncoiled DNA that is located in the nucleus
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Centromere
The place on a chromosome where the spindle fibers attach
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Homologous chromosomes
Duplicated chromosomes that contain genes for the same traits
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Sister chromatids
The two halves that make up a duplicated chromosome
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Deoxyribose
the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA
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Nucleotide
The monomer of nucleic acids; made up of: a 5-C sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group
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DNA replication
The process of copying DNA
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Helicase
An enzyme in the process of replication; "unzips" the original strand of DNA
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Ligase
An enzyme in the process of replication; bonds the Okazaki fragments together to create the lagging strand
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DNA polymerase
An enzyme in the process of replication; bonds nucleotides to create the new strands, proofreads for mistakes
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RNA polymerase
An enzyme in the process of protein synthesis; creates an m-RNA strand from the DNA template.
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Transcription
The first step of protein synthesis; DNA is copied to make m-RNA
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Translation
The second step of protein synthesis: m-RNA codons are read to make proteins
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Start codon
AUG- this codon codes for the amino acid methionine
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Cleavage furrow
The indentation of the cytoplasm that forms during cytokinesis
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Photosynthesis
The process that plants and algae use to create sugar from sunlight.
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Chloroplast
The organelle found in plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis
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Thylakoid
a pancake-like membrane that is the site of the light reaction of photosynthesis
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Stroma
the inside of the chloroplast that contains a syrup-like fluid; is the site of the dark reaction/Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis
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Stoma/Stomata
Small holes in the epidermis of the leaf; where gas exchange occurs
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Guard cells
Small cells that open and close the stoma in plant leaves
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The reactants of photosynthesis
Water, sunlight, carbon dioxide
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The products of photosynthesis
Oxygen, sugar
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Chlorophyll a
The pigment present in thylakoids that absorbs light energy during photosynthesis
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Photosystem
A collection of pigments, that includes chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and accessory pigments; absorbs light energy during light reaction of photosynthesis
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NADP+
Carrier molecule that transports a hydrogen ion and two electrons from the light reaction to the dark reaction